Coordinate revealment 2026-10-14
The coordinate revealment of coordinate for a decision tree under input probability distribution is
It depends on the chosen decision tree and the probability distribution, not just on the Boolean function. Since no coordinate is queried twice on a graph path, indicator functions give
The second equality uses linearity of expectation; it does not require independence of random variables or a product measure. The cited paper defines these inspection probabilities and their sum for product measures; the displayed indicator function argument extends the identity to any input probability distribution.[ref]
For the three-bit majority decision tree under the discrete uniform distribution, , whose sum is . Reading coordinate 3 first, then coordinate 1, and stopping on agreement gives the same majority function, depth and expected query cost, but coordinate revealments . The asymmetry belongs to the chosen query order. Parity gives for every exact decision tree without repeated queries. If repeated queries were charged, inspection probabilities would count distinct coordinates; total query count would instead require expected multiplicities.
Expected query cost 2026-10-14
For a fixed decision tree and input probability distribution , its expected query cost is
Under the discrete uniform distribution on the eight three-bit inputs, the three-bit majority decision tree has
This is an exact average, not a fractional query made during one execution. It is also optimal among exact deterministic decision trees under this discrete uniform distribution: one observed bit never determines the majority function; whichever two distinct coordinates are inspected first, their values disagree with probability , forcing a third query. In comparison, querying all three bits unconditionally has the same actual depth three but expected query cost three.
For an arbitrary input probability distribution, the same fixed three-bit majority decision tree gives . For three independent random variables, each a Bernoulli random variable with common one-probability , this becomes ; the value depends on . Averaging over inputs should also be distinguished from averaging over an algorithm's internal random choices at a fixed input.[ref]