Coordinate revealment 2026-10-14
The coordinate revealment of coordinate for a decision tree under input probability distribution isIt depends on the chosen decision tree and the probability distribution, not just on the Boolean function. Since no coordinate is queried twice on a graph path, indicator functions giveThe second equality uses linearity of expectation; it does not require independence of random variables or a product measure. The cited paper defines these inspection probabilities and their sum for product measures; the displayed indicator function argument extends the identity to any input probability distribution.[ref]
For the three-bit majority decision tree under the discrete uniform distribution, , whose sum is . Reading coordinate 3 first, then coordinate 1, and stopping on agreement gives the same majority function, depth and expected query cost, but coordinate revealments . The asymmetry belongs to the chosen query order. Parity gives for every exact decision tree without repeated queries. If repeated queries were charged, inspection probabilities would count distinct coordinates; total query count would instead require expected multiplicities.
Expected query cost 2026-10-14
For a fixed decision tree and input probability distribution , its expected query cost isUnder the discrete uniform distribution on the eight three-bit inputs, the three-bit majority decision tree hasThis is an exact average, not a fractional query made during one execution. It is also optimal among exact deterministic decision trees under this discrete uniform distribution: one observed bit never determines the majority function; whichever two distinct coordinates are inspected first, their values disagree with probability , forcing a third query. In comparison, querying all three bits unconditionally has the same actual depth three but expected query cost three.
For an arbitrary input probability distribution, the same fixed three-bit majority decision tree gives . For three independent random variables, each a Bernoulli random variable with common one-probability , this becomes ; the value depends on . Averaging over inputs should also be distinguished from averaging over an algorithm's internal random choices at a fixed input.[ref]