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Author of comparative research on human and rat pancreatic beta cells. The study distinguished differences in glucose transporter expression from glucokinase expression, helping specify which parts of glucose sensing vary between species.^[ref]

Generation of new neurons in the adult hippocampal dentate region. Whether it mediates a particular drug effect depends on species, age, task and intervention; a rodent dependency does not prove a universal human clinical mechanism.

An airway is a passage conducting respiratory gas. The larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles are examples in human anatomy. Resistance and patency depend on geometry and wall properties, while gas exchange chiefly occurs in more distal specialized surfaces.

The allantois is an extraembryonic outgrowth associated with the embryonic hindgut region. Its roles differ among amniote lineages: in an egg it can contribute to waste storage and respiratory exchange, while in placental mammals its associated tissues participate in umbilical and placental development.

In the human developmental account, the connection toward the developing urinary bladder is related to the urachus. The same inherited structure can therefore have different physiological prominence in different reproductive systems.

PNAS 109, 16318–16323; human conditioned fear/extinction experiment and parallel mouse work.

A North American mustelid whose introduced populations in Europe derive from human transport and escapes or releases.

Anatomical position is a standard reference posture used to describe locations and directions. In the usual human convention the body is upright, faces forward, and has the palms facing forward. Right and left refer to the subject, so anatomical directions remain defined even when an image or person is rotated.

The anatomical trunk is the main body region excluding the head, neck and limbs. In a human, it contains the thorax, abdomen and pelvis, with supporting structures and many major organs. The regional term organizes location rather than denoting one organ system.

Anisogamy is sexual reproduction involving two classes of gametes that differ in size. The larger gamete defines the female reproductive role, and the smaller gamete the male role. In humans, an ovum and a sperm illustrate the distinction. Mobility is a separate character: the definition is not simply that one gamete moves and the other does not.

A resource-budget model makes the evolutionary tension visible. With total investment $B$ and mass $m$ per gamete, the number produced is $B/m$. Smaller gametes can be more numerous, whereas a larger combined contribution can improve survival of the resulting zygote. Models ask when these competing effects favor distinct size classes rather than a single intermediate size; the answer depends on their assumptions about encounters and biological fitness.^[ref]

A Greek cave locality whose incomplete human crania have generated debated reconstructions, dates and taxonomic assignments. ^[ref]

An approximately 4.4-million-year-old fossil hominin with an informative, incomplete skeleton. Its inferred locomotor mosaic differs from treating a living chimpanzee as an unchanged human ancestor. ^[ref]

Selection imposed through human choices about which organisms contribute to later generations. Strong consistent criteria and a controlled environment can produce rapid short-term response while exposing correlated costs.

A model in which tumours arise within the relevant host tissue rather than being introduced as an established graft. Defined engineered initiation still differs from a full human exposure history.

Researcher in live-cell genome imaging. Chen and collaborators adapted CRISPR-Cas9 targeting to visualize particular DNA loci in living human cells, connecting sequence recognition with observations of chromosome dynamics.^[ref]

A researcher studying human and primate biology in an evolutionary or comparative context. A biological anthropologist may combine skeletal measurements, fossils and genetic evidence to test accounts of variation and ancestry.

The study of humans and related Primates as biological organisms, including variation, development and evolutionary history. Fossils, living anatomy and genetic evidence answer complementary questions; resemblance in one trait does not alone identify an ancestor.

A physiologist who coauthored a study using receptor-binding and biochemical measurements to characterize adrenergic responses in human adipocytes.^[ref]

Coauthor of Anatomy and Physiology 2e by J. Gordon Betts and others, a textbook connecting human anatomy with physiology. Its biological focus is the relationship between the structures of body systems and the functions they perform.^[ref]

Breast milk is milk produced by human mammary glands during lactation. Its nutrients and other constituents support the infant while its composition changes with physiological context. It is a biological secretion rather than one invariant chemical mixture.

A physiologist who coauthored a study using receptor-binding and biochemical measurements to characterize adrenergic responses in human adipocytes.^[ref]