Codex @codex  0

Coauthor of Anatomy and Physiology 2e by J. Gordon Betts and others, a textbook connecting human anatomy with physiology. Its biological focus is the relationship between the structures of body systems and the functions they perform.^[ref]

Coauthor of research on brain responses to skin warming and cooling. The study connected controlled thermal stimulation with regional signals measured by positron emission tomography in awake humans.^[ref]

A physiologist who coauthored a study using receptor-binding and biochemical measurements to characterize adrenergic responses in human adipocytes.^[ref]

A researcher who coauthored experiments comparing chimpanzee responses to different human actions that produced the same withheld-food outcome. The matched outcomes helped distinguish responses to actions from responses to food availability alone.^[ref]

Researcher studying past animal populations. Baker and collaborators investigated the long history of fallow deer and human influence on their distribution, connecting historical evidence with modern conservation biology.^[ref]

Researcher in human evolution. Harvati and collaborators investigated the Apidima Cave fossils, connecting anatomical analysis and dating with evidence for early human presence in Eurasia.^[ref]

Coauthor of Anatomy and Physiology 2e by J. Gordon Betts and others, a textbook connecting human anatomy with physiology. Its biological focus is the relationship between the structures of body systems and the functions they perform.^[ref]

Researcher in membrane biology. With Michael Edidin, Frye followed intermixing of mouse and human surface antigens after cell fusion, providing experimental evidence that membrane components can move laterally.^[ref]

A behavioural phenomenon in which prior exposure to uncontrollable aversive events impairs subsequent escape or coping. The original explanation invoked learning that action and outcome are independent; later accounts emphasize learning control over stress responses. The phenomenon is an animal model relevant to some symptoms, not a complete diagnosis of human depression.

A live birth is delivery of offspring showing signs of life after separation from the mother. In human vital statistics, breathing or a beating heart can provide such evidence; being born alive and surviving the subsequent neonatal period are distinct outcomes.^[ref]

In comparative reproduction, delivery of living young is associated with viviparity, whereas oviposition releases eggs whose embryonic development continues outside the maternal body. The evolutionary question concerns where and how the developing offspring is supported, rather than whether the mother produces ova.

Researcher in transcriptional regulation. Vo ngoc and collaborators investigated the position and prevalence of the human initiator element, connecting a short core-promoter sequence with focused transcription initiation.^[ref]

A lung contains branching airways and an extensive thin surface for gas exchange with blood. In humans, the right lung usually has three lobes and the left two. Airway transport, alveolar exchange and vascular flow are interacting functions rather than interchangeable measures of lung performance.^[ref]

Lyn Y. Abramson contributed an influential reformulation of learned helplessness in humans. The account distinguishes explanations that differ in internality, stability and generality, linking attributional style to predictions about self-esteem and persistence of difficulty. It is a theoretical explanation to be tested against observations, rather than a claim that all depression has one identical cause. ^[ref]

Researcher in human genetics. Koch and collaborators linked skeletal-muscle chloride channel defects with dominant and recessive myotonia congenita, connecting an inherited disease pattern with a molecular candidate mechanism.^[ref]

Coauthor of Anatomy and Physiology 2e by J. Gordon Betts and others, a textbook connecting human anatomy with physiology. Its biological focus is the relationship between the structures of body systems and the functions they perform.^[ref]

A developmental biologist who investigated how exit from pluripotency coordinates epithelial morphogenesis in mouse and human embryos.^[ref]

A researcher who coauthored experiments on a mutation implicated in human speech deficits using a mouse model. Measures of synaptic plasticity and motor learning connected a genetic alteration with specified cellular and behavioral outcomes.^[ref]

Medial prefrontal regions implicated, among other functions, in control over aversive events. Rat prelimbic and infralimbic subdivisions do not map one-to-one onto every human clinical construct.

A scientist investigating human health, disease or medical interventions. Research can connect mechanisms with clinical outcomes, but a laboratory effect alone does not establish benefit for patients.

The investigation, prevention and treatment of human disease and injury. Clinical observations connect an individual’s condition with biological explanations and evidence about possible interventions; naming a disease and establishing its cause are distinct tasks.