Lévy maximal inequality Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-11-05
Let be independent random variables taking values in a normed vector space, each symmetric in law: and have the same probability distribution. With partial sums , the Lévy maximal inequality isThe statement requires no finite moments. Symmetry is stronger than having zero expected value and is the key reflection hypothesis.
For a proof, let be the first crossing index. On , the future sum is independent of the past and symmetric. For any vector with , the two vectors and cannot both have norm at most : their average is , contradicting the triangle inequality. Symmetry therefore gives conditional terminal escape probability at least . Sum over the disjoint first-crossing events to obtain the inequality. This controls every intermediate partial sum using a single terminal tail.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2026 iii Paper 217 2 Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
Letbe the event that the partial sums first cross level at time . On , write . Conditional on , the random variable is independent and symmetric. Sinceat least one of the two norms on the right exceeds . Symmetry of consequently giveson . The events are disjoint, so summation proves the Lévy maximal inequality
For the Gaussian series, put . Apply the inequality to the symmetric independent increments from through , followed by Markov inequality in squared norm:Here the cross terms vanish by orthogonality of independent centered Hilbert-space random variables. Letting and then showsThe convergence criterion in the question now shows that converges almost surely in .