For foundational work in information and communication technology, Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer received one quarter each for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed electronics and optoelectronics. Jack S. Kilby received one half for his part in inventing the integrated circuit.[ref]
Optoelectronics Created 2026-10-18 Updated 2026-11-05
Optoelectronics combines electronic devices with generation, detection or control of light. A light-emitting diode converts carrier recombination into photons, while a photodiode converts absorbed photons into an electrical response. Semiconductor band structure determines which photon energies interact efficiently, but device geometry, recombination and transport also control speed and efficiency. Optical communication links, image sensors and photovoltaic devices use different parts of this interaction. Measuring an optical signal therefore often requires understanding both the light field and the electronic readout.