Past exam of the condensed matter physics course of the University of Oxford / 2021 / 3 / b

For a nondegenerate two-dimensional electron gas, the two quadratic momentum terms supply $k_{B}T/2$ each by the equipartition theorem. There is no lattice restoring potential energy for a free electron. ThusOn cooling below the Fermi temperature, the Pauli exclusion principle restricts the thermally active electrons to within approximately $k_{B}T$ of the Fermi energy. The linear low-temperature heat capacity of a two-dimensional Fermi gas isThe heat capacity therefore decreases from its classical value as quantum degeneracy becomes important. The particle number of electrons and sample area are held fixed when differentiating the internal energy.