Specific internal energy is internal energy per unit mass. For a perfect gas with constant specific-heat ratio, . Its material balance is , where is heat supplied per unit volume per unit time.
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Internal energy is a thermodynamic property that represents the total energy contained within a system. It encompasses all forms of energy present at the microscopic level, including: 1. **Kinetic Energy**: This includes the energy associated with the motion of molecules and atoms within the system. As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of particles also increases. 2. **Potential Energy**: This is related to the positions and interactions of particles within the system.