Past exam of the mathematical methods I course of the University of Oxford / 2021 / 9 / c

The state update matrix isIts eigenvalues are $1$ and $-1/2$, with eigenvectors $(1,1{)}^T$ and $(1,-2{)}^T$. The initial column $(G_1,G_0{)}^T=(1,0{)}^T$ decomposes as $\frac{2}{3}(1,1{)}^T+\frac{1}{3}(1,-2{)}^T$. Applying $A^i$ and reading the second component givesThe alternating term decays because its eigenvalue has modulus below one. The convergence of an adjacent-term averaging recurrence gives the same result by a first-order recurrence for successive differences.