Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2003 / ib / Paper 3 / 12D / b

A mode has dimensionless damping ratio $k/{\alpha }_n$, and characteristic rootsIf $k/{\alpha }_n\ll 1$, the normal mode oscillates at ${\omega }_n={\alpha }_n+O(k^2/{\alpha }_n)$ with exponentially decaying envelope $e^{-kt}$. As $k\to 0$, the solution approaches the undamped wave equation response.

If $k/{\alpha }_n\gg 1$, the roots are real and negative, withThe mode has a fast transient and a slow nonoscillatory relaxation. After the fast transient, neglecting $y_{tt}$ gives the diffusion equation $y_t\simeq c^2{y}_{xx}/(2k)$ for these long-wavelength modes. At $k={\alpha }_n$, the repeated root produces $t{e}^{-kt}$: this is critical damping.

Thus the critical parameter is $k/{\alpha }_n=1$ for each mode, and the fundamental threshold isWhen $k<\pi c/l$ every mode is oscillatory. For any fixed, finite $k$, sufficiently large $n$ still gives oscillatory modes, so large damping of the lowest modes does not mean that every mode of the full string is overdamped.