Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2007 / iii / Paper 10 / 2 / b

Give $G(H)$ its natural trace-class topology: differentiability means $F(t+h)=F(t)+h\dot{F}(t)+o_1(h)$, with remainder small in trace norm. The Fredholm determinant is the continuous extension of finite-rank determinants; it is multiplicative by finite-rank approximation and satisfiesnear zero. For example its exterior-power series bounds the remainder by $e^{\Vert K{\Vert }_1}-1-\Vert K{\Vert }_1$, proving that estimate directly.

Factor $F(t+h)=F(t)[I+hF(t{)}^{-1}\dot{F}(t)+o_1(h)]$. Multiplicativity and the preceding expansion giveThe determinant is nonzero for invertible $F$, so division yields the required logarithmic derivative. Differentiability only in the bounded-operator norm would not justify this trace formula; the specified topology is essential.