Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Oxford / 2017 / Prelims / Mathematics V resit / Question 5 / b

The printed arguments $x-t$ and $x+t$ assume unit wave speed. For the stated wave equation with general $c>0$, the correct arguments are $x-ct$ and $x+ct$, as in the paper's subsequent formula. Equivalently, use rescaled time $\tilde{t}=ct$ to obtain the printed unit-speed form.

Introduce coordinates $\xi =x-ct$, $\eta =x+ct$ along the characteristic lines for the one-dimensional wave equation, and write $u(x,t)=U(\xi ,\eta )$. The chain rule givesso the wave equation becomesThus $U_{\xi }$ is independent of $\eta$, and integration gives the countertravelling decomposition of the one-dimensional wave equationConversely, differentiating this expression twice verifies the wave equation for any sufficiently differentiable $F,G$.

The two initial conditions giveDifferentiating the first and solving these two equations for the derivatives givesFor a fixed reference point $x_0$, their antiderivatives can be writtenSubstituting the two travelling arguments cancels the constants and combines the integrals. This proves D'Alembert's formula with initial velocity:At $t=0$ the integral vanishes, giving $u=f$; differentiating by the fundamental theorem of calculus gives $u_t=g$ there. These checks also fix the sign and the factor $1/(2c)$.