Past exam of the mathematics course of the year 2 of the natural sciences course of the University of Cambridge / 2014 / Paper 1 / 5 / i

A Hermitian matrix satisfies $H^{†}=H$, where $†$ denotes the conjugate transpose. For a nonzero eigenvector $v$ with $Hv=\lambda v$, the scalar $v^{†}Hv$ equals its own complex conjugate, andThus every Hermitian eigenvalue is real.

A unitary matrix satisfies $U^{†}U=U{U}^{†}=I$. If $Uv=\mu v$, preservation of the squared norm givesSince $v\ne 0$, $\boxed{|\mu |=1}$. These statements concern complex eigenvectors, even when the matrix entries happen to be real.