Past exam of the physics 1 paper of the University of Oxford / 2022 / 8 / e

Choose the orientation $J>0$. To leading order in the radial disturbance, the azimuthal angular frequency is ${\omega }_{\theta }=J/(m{r}_0^2)$, soFor either orientation the positive frequency ratio is ${\omega }_r/|{\omega }_{\theta }|$. At $k=-1$, the ratio is $1$: there is one radial oscillation per revolution. The bound Kepler orbit is an ellipse with the force centre at a focus, with one closest and one furthest approach per revolution. Its exact polar coordinates equation isAt $k=2$, the ratio is $2$: there are two radial oscillations per revolution. The isotropic harmonic oscillator trajectory is an ellipse centred on the force centre. An exact parametrization isHere $r^2=a^2{\cos }^2\Omega t+b^2{\sin }^2\Omega t$ repeats twice during one full circuit. The two different placements of the force centre distinguish these ellipses. These are the two all-bound-orbit cases of Bertrand's theorem.