Past exam of the physics 2 paper of the University of Oxford / 2014 / 2 / 1 / Solution

Faraday's law states that the induced electromotive force equals minus the rate of change of linked magnetic flux:The minus sign expresses Lenz's law: the induced electric current acts to oppose the change in magnetic flux. For a fixed contour this is equivalent to $\oint \mathbf{E}\cdot d\mathbf{\ell }=-d\int \mathbf{B}\cdot d\mathbf{S}/dt$.