Past exam of the short options paper shared by Parts A and B of the physics course of the University of Oxford / 2019 / S2 / 3 / d / Solution

Three physically distinct contributions are unseen dark matter, hot diffuse intracluster gas omitted from the summed stellar mass, and faint stars or stellar remnants missed by transferring the Milky Way mass-to-light ratio to the cluster. The first two are actual additional components; the third changes the inferred stellar budget. Departures from virial equilibrium, velocity anisotropy or extra nonthermal pressure can also bias the dynamical or X-ray estimates, although they need not remove the discrepancy.