A 2018 photonic experiment makes the distinction between populations and quantum coherence controllable. A 400-nm laser pumped a crystal to generate paired photons, filtered near 800 nm. One photon triggered collection; the other entered the apparatus. A half-wave plate and polarizing beam splitter selected horizontal photon polarization; another half-wave plate prepared balanced quantum superpositions. Separated polarization paths and diffraction gratings let a spatial light modulator control their frequency-dependent quantum phases and spectral weights. Recombined paths passed through quartz plates whose adjustable thickness controlled polarization–frequency coupling. Quarter- and half-wave plates plus a polarizing beam splitter selected tomography bases; jointly registered photodetector events supplied the readout. Quantum state tomography inferred polarization density matrices at each thickness. The dephasing model preserves diagonal populations while changing off-diagonal quantum coherence. Here the unobserved photon frequency acts as the environment for the polarization qubit. Finite modulator resolution and imperfect spectral shaping limited agreement with the intended dynamics; this experiment does not establish exact preparation or the ideal probabilities above. [ref]
Experimental implementation of fully controlled dephasing dynamics and synthetic spectral densities by Zhao-Di Liu and others. Experimental implementation of fully controlled dephasing dynamics and synthetic spectral densities, Nature Communications 9, 3453 (2018), Results: Experimental setup, Fig. 1, equations (1)–(5); Using a photon to simulate qubit coupled to Ising chain, systematic-error discussion after Fig. 3
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