For a cumulative distribution function , let , . Right continuity gives exactly when , including at atoms. Thus applying to independent uniform variables constructs an independent sample with distribution function . Its empirical distribution function is , where is the uniform-sample empirical distribution function. Consequently . For the uniform sample, monotonicity and a grid of mesh bound the last supremum by the largest error at grid points plus . The strong law of large numbers on the countable union of all such grids proves the almost-sure limit. This construction proves the theorem for distributions with atoms as well as continuous distributions.

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