A reagent-bearing strip used for selected chemical tests of urine. Its assay selectivity and reading conditions differ from those of historical wet-chemical tests.
A crystalline particle in urine. Its presence can depend on concentration, acidity, temperature and storage and does not alone establish a urinary stone.
Examination of particles in urine with a microscope, including cells, casts and crystals.
Excess leukocytes in urine; this finding does not by itself prove bacterial infection or localise all lesions.
A renal tubular cast containing white blood cells; a sign of intrarenal inflammation, not a diagnosis of one specific cause.

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