Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2010 iii Paper 53 2 i f Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
At nucleosynthesis temperatures, particles are nonrelativistic. Their equilibrium abundance is negligible because of Boltzmann suppression, so they do not behave as an extra relativistic species contributing its full degree count to . A stable thermal weakly interacting massive particle generally freezes out much earlier; a surviving relic population with the usual dark-matter abundance remains negligible compared with radiation during nucleosynthesis. In that standard relic scenario the helium abundance is essentially unchanged.
The mass and weak coupling alone do not specify the relic density. If an unusually abundant stable population contributes appreciably to the expansion density, it raises at fixed radiation temperature and increases helium by the same freeze-out and survival mechanism as part (g). Decays or energetic annihilation products would require their own specified history. Thus a universal numerical change cannot be inferred from the mass alone.
Weakly interacting massive particle 2026-10-14
A weakly interacting massive particle is a massive dark-matter candidate whose interaction strength permits thermal production and later cosmological particle freeze-out. Its relic abundance depends on the annihilation rate and cosmological history, not on its mass alone. At nucleosynthesis temperatures a 50 GeV example is nonrelativistic: its equilibrium density is reduced by Boltzmann suppression, while an already frozen relic population need not follow the equilibrium density. Its effect on nucleosynthesis depends on whether the surviving energy density is appreciable or whether it injects reaction-altering products.