The Standard Model is a gauge theory with gauge group . Its Higgs field breaks the electroweak subgroup to the electromagnetic .
The electroweak interaction is the gauge theory that unifies the weak and electromagnetic interactions.
The Standard Model Higgs field is a complex doublet of hypercharge . Its nonzero vacuum expectation value triggers the Higgs mechanism.
In the Higgs mechanism, gauge fields associated with broken generators acquire longitudinal polarizations and masses by absorbing Goldstone modes. Gauge fields of the unbroken subgroup remain massless.
Unitary gauge uses a gauge transformation to remove the Goldstone fields from the Higgs multiplet, leaving the physical radial Higgs excitation and massive vector fields.
The Higgs boson is the neutral radial excitation of the Higgs field about its vacuum expectation value.
The charged electroweak gauge fields are . After electroweak symmetry breaking they have electric charges and mass .
A Standard Model generation contains left-handed quark and lepton doublets and right-handed up-quark, down-quark and charged-lepton singlets. A right-handed neutrino may be added as a gauge singlet.
A right-handed neutrino transforms as under , so it is neutral under every Standard Model gauge interaction.
A Yukawa interaction couples left- and right-handed fermions through a scalar field. Replacing the Higgs field by its vacuum expectation value turns a gauge-invariant Standard Model Yukawa interaction into a fermion mass term.
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The Standard Model of particle physics is a theoretical framework that describes the fundamental particles and the interactions between them. It is a well-established and extensively tested theory that explains how the basic building blocks of matter interact through three of the four known fundamental forces: electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force. Gravity is not included in the Standard Model.
As of 2019, the more formal name for particle physics, which is notably missing general relativity to achieve the theory of everything.
cds.cern.ch/record/799984/files/0401010.pdf The Making of the Standard Model by Steven Weinberg mentions three crucial elements that made up the standard model post earlier less generalized quantum electrodynamics understandings