In mathematics, particularly in the area of group theory, the term "magic circle" may refer to a specific concept or structure used in the study of groups, particularly in the context of group actions and geometry. However, it's not a widely recognized term like "magic square." One common usage of the term might be in relation to **magic squares** where numbers are arranged in a square grid such that the sums of each row, column, and sometimes diagonals equal the same constant.

The 19th century was a pivotal period in the development of mathematics, characterized by significant advances in various fields. Here are some notable contributions and developments from that era: 1. **Foundations of Modern Mathematics**: The 19th century saw efforts to establish a more rigorous foundation for mathematics. Key figures included: - **Georg Cantor**, who developed set theory and introduced concepts like cardinality and ordinality.

In mathematics, "1970s" does not refer to a specific mathematical concept or term. However, it can refer to the decade itself and the developments and contributions in mathematics during that period. The 1970s were notable for several advancements in various fields of mathematics, including: 1. **Computer Science and Algorithms**: The development of algorithms and theories surrounding computational complexity, including the introduction of concepts like NP-completeness by Stephen Cook.

Analytic theology is a contemporary movement within Christian theology that applies the methods and tools of analytic philosophy to theological questions and concepts. It seeks to clarify and rigorously analyze theological ideas using precise language, logical reasoning, and systematic argumentation. This approach often emphasizes clarity, coherence, and the use of formal logic to evaluate theological claims.

Alvin Plantinga is an influential American philosopher known for his work in philosophy of religion, epistemology, and metaphysics. Born on July 15, 1932, he has been a prominent figure in contemporary philosophical discussions, particularly concerning the rationality of religious belief and the existence of God.

Andy Clark is a prominent philosopher and cognitive scientist known for his work in philosophy of mind, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence. He is particularly recognized for his contributions to the concepts of extended mind and predictive processing. Clark's extended mind hypothesis posits that the mind is not confined to the brain but extends into the body and the environment, suggesting that tools, technology, and social interactions can be integral parts of human cognition.

Arthur Pap is not a widely recognized or established term, concept, or figure in popular culture, science, or other fields as of my last knowledge update in October 2023. It's possible that it could refer to a specific individual, a fictional character, or a niche topic that has emerged more recently.

Hyperbaton is a rhetorical and literary device that involves the alteration of the normal word order in a sentence. This technique can create emphasis, enhance the rhythm of a passage, or draw attention to a particular part of the sentence. Hyperbaton is often used in poetry and prose to create stylistic effects or to evoke a certain tone or mood.

Berit Brogaard is a philosopher known for her work in areas such as philosophy of mind, epistemology, and cognitive science. She has made contributions to discussions on topics like perception, embodiment, and the nature of concepts. Brogaard has also explored issues related to the relationship between language and thought, as well as the implications of cognitive science for philosophical theories. Additionally, she has written about the philosophical implications of mental disorders and has been involved in research related to consciousness.

Brian Davies is a philosopher known for his work in the fields of philosophy of religion and medieval philosophy, especially concerning the thought of figures like Thomas Aquinas. He has written extensively on topics such as the existence of God, the nature of religious belief, and the intersection of faith and reason. His work often explores traditional arguments for and against the existence of God, as well as the implications of various philosophical viewpoints on religious thought.

C. E. M. Joad, whose full name is Cyril Edwin Mitchinson Joad, was a British philosopher, writer, and broadcaster, born on 16th November 1891 and passed away on 9th April 1973. He is best known for his work in the field of philosophy and for being one of the prominent figures in popularizing philosophical ideas through radio and television broadcasts in the mid-20th century.

Charles Stevenson (1908–1979) was an American philosopher best known for his work in the field of ethics and metaethics. He is particularly noted for his development of "emotivism," a theory of moral language that suggests that ethical statements do not primarily convey factual information but instead express emotional attitudes or reactions. Stevenson's influential book, "Ethics and Language" (1944), argues that moral judgments are expressions of preference or emotion rather than objective truths.

Christian Barry is a philosopher known for his work in social and political philosophy, particularly focusing on issues related to justice, responsibility, and the role of institutions in shaping social outcomes. He has contributed to discussions on topics such as collective responsibility and the ethics of global justice. Barry has also co-authored various works and is involved in academic discussions regarding moral philosophy and public policy.

Constantine Sandis is a philosopher known for his work in philosophy of mind, epistemology, and the philosophy of action. He is recognized for his contributions to discussions surrounding notions of belief, intention, and agency. Sandis has also written on topics such as the nature of human action and the interrelation of belief and intention in understanding human behavior. His work often explores the implications of these philosophical concepts in both historical and contemporary contexts.

Daniel Rothschild is a philosopher known for his work in areas such as metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of language. He has contributed to discussions on topics like the nature of propositions, default reasoning, and issues related to belief and knowledge. Rothschild's research often involves analyzing formal systems and their philosophical implications, drawing from both contemporary and historical perspectives.

TRPM4 (Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 4) is a protein that functions as a channel for cations, particularly sodium and calcium ions, across cellular membranes. It is part of the TRP (Transient Receptor Potential) channel family, which is involved in various physiological processes, including sensory perception, temperature regulation, and ion homeostasis. TRPM4 is primarily known for its role in maintaining cell membrane potential and regulating cell excitability.

David Wiggins is a prominent British philosopher known for his work in metaphysics, philosophy of language, philosophy of action, and ethics. He has contributed significantly to discussions on personal identity, the nature of truth, and the relationship between language and reality. Wiggins is particularly noted for his exploration of the concepts of identity and the principles that govern it. He has published various influential works and has been associated with debates around realism, normative ethics, and the nature of human beings.

Diarmuid Costello is not a widely recognized public figure or concept, at least not widely covered in mainstream resources up to October 2023. It's possible that he could be a professional in a specific field, such as academia, art, or sports, or a fictional character in a book, show, or movie.