The Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics is a scholarly journal that publishes research articles in the fields of mathematics and statistics. It is affiliated with Hacettepe University in Turkey. The journal aims to provide a platform for researchers to disseminate their findings and contributes to the advancement of knowledge in these disciplines. It typically includes original research articles, survey papers, and sometimes special issues focusing on specific themes or topics.

The Hardy–Ramanujan Journal is a mathematical journal that focuses on topics related to number theory, mathematical analysis, and combinatorics, among other areas. It was established in honor of the famed Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan and the British mathematician G. H. Hardy, who was Ramanujan's mentor and collaborator. The journal serves as a platform for researchers to publish their findings and engage with the mathematical community.

The Hiroshima Mathematical Journal is a scholarly journal that publishes research articles in the field of mathematics. It is known for covering a variety of topics, including pure and applied mathematics. The journal aims to disseminate significant findings and advancements in mathematical research, often featuring original research papers, survey articles, and occasionally expository papers that highlight important developments in the field. The journal is associated with Hiroshima University and has been in circulation since its establishment in the early 1970s.

Let's say company X spends $14M to discover a much better production method, and starts using it to sell cheaper/better goods in the market. Big company Y decides to spend tens of millions to discover it themselves, and at great speed, hiring many scientists, and conducting lots of trials simultaneously. It looks like it'll take Y only 60 weeks to make the discovery, and 20 weeks to bring it to production.

Within that time, X realizes they won't be able to make $14M profit. So they decide to sell the discovery to Y for $12–14M on the condition that Y waits 40 weeks before launching the product. Y agrees, because they save time and money. During those 40 weeks, X makes $6M profit, bringing their total to $18–20M. The $4–6M is a more than excellent return for the time X spent discovering it.

Now that both X and Y have the discovery, they can either compete against each other, in which case all is good, or they can act as one and fix prices. In the latter case, big company Z decides to spend 10s of millions to discover it themselves and beat XY's pricing, in which case the story repeats.

The use of exact numbers makes it seem like this example is attempting to fool you somehow, but the only essential part is another company having the capability to rediscover the method. They won't even have to try, Y can just offer to buy it, with the implication that they will go all out trying to rediscover it unless X agrees to sell.

Thus no human effort is actually wasted discovering the same thing multiple times. Now things might not work out this way all the time, but in a free market, it will most of the time, and that's enough. Remember, the alternative we're trying to prevent is one company being able to charge whatever price they want for a potentially must-have discovery, for decades.

"Homology" and "homotopy" are key concepts in algebraic topology, a branch of mathematics that studies topological spaces with the tools of abstract algebra. ### Homology Homology provides a way to associate a sequence of algebraic objects (like groups or vector spaces) to a topological space. - **Purpose**: It can be used to classify spaces based on their topological features, such as holes of different dimensions.

The IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics is a scholarly journal published by the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA). It focuses on applied mathematics and its various applications in scientific, engineering, and industrial contexts. The journal typically includes research articles, reviews, and other contributions that cover a wide range of topics related to applied mathematical techniques, methodologies, and theories. The content often encompasses mathematical modeling, numerical analysis, and computational methods, with applications in fields such as physics, biology, economics, and engineering.

The IMA Journal of Management Mathematics is a scholarly journal published by the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA). It focuses on the application of mathematical techniques and methodologies to management problems. Topics commonly covered in the journal may include optimization, decision analysis, quantitative modeling, risk management, and other areas where mathematics intersects with management science. The journal serves as a platform for researchers, practitioners, and academics to share their findings, discuss innovative approaches, and promote advances in the field of management mathematics.

The IMA Journal of Mathematical Control and Information is a scholarly journal that publishes research articles focused on the fields of mathematical control theory and information theory. It is associated with the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA) and aims to provide a platform for the dissemination of high-quality research in topics such as control systems, optimization, and mathematical modeling, along with applications in various fields including engineering, economics, and biology.

The term "Artificial Life" (often abbreviated as ALife) refers to a field of study and research that examines systems related to life, which may or may not be biological in nature. The Artificial Life framework can be understood in multiple contexts: 1. **Computational Framework**: This encompasses computer simulations and models that are designed to mimic the processes of life, evolution, and adaptation.

Ionized-air glow, often referred to as "corona discharge" or simply "corona glow," occurs when air becomes ionized due to high electric fields. This phenomenon typically happens when there is a sharp point or edge in an electric field, which can enhance the field strength and lead to ionization of the surrounding air molecules. When air is ionized, it means that the electrons are stripped away from the air molecules, creating positively charged ions and free electrons.

The Illinois Journal of Mathematics is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research articles in a variety of areas within mathematics. Founded in 1957, it is associated with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The journal covers a broad spectrum of mathematical topics, including but not limited to pure and applied mathematics, and it is designed to foster communication among mathematicians. It is well-regarded in the mathematics community and often features work from established researchers as well as emerging scholars in the field.

"Indagationes Mathematicae" is a mathematical journal that publishes research articles in various areas of mathematics. It is known for its focus on original research, reviews, and surveys that contribute to the development of mathematical knowledge. The journal is typically peer-reviewed, ensuring the quality and rigor of the published work. It serves as a platform for mathematicians to share their findings and collaborate across different subfields.

International Game Theory Review (IGTR) is an academic journal that focuses on the field of game theory and its applications. The journal publishes research articles, reviews, and commentaries that explore various aspects of game theory, including both theoretical developments and practical applications across different disciplines. Topics may include economics, political science, sociology, biology, and computer science, among others. IGTR aims to provide a platform for researchers to disseminate their findings and contribute to the ongoing discourse in game theory.

The International Journal of Algebra and Computation is an academic journal that focuses on research and advancements in the fields of algebra and computation. It publishes original research articles, review papers, and surveys that explore various topics within algebra, which can include abstract algebra, linear algebra, algebraic structures, computational algebra, and related areas. The journal serves as a platform for researchers, mathematicians, and computer scientists to share their findings, innovations, and theoretical developments.

The Kern arc, also known as the Kern arc of the NFL, is a concept in gravitational astronomy related to the dynamics of celestial bodies. However, it seems like it may not be widely recognized in standard astrophysical terminology, and there might be some confusion or ambiguity around the term.

The International Journal of Approximate Reasoning is a scholarly journal that focuses on research related to approximate reasoning, which is a branch of artificial intelligence and computational logic. Approximate reasoning deals with reasoning that is not exact, allowing for uncertainty, imprecision, and vagueness, which are often encountered in real-world scenarios. This can include topics like fuzzy logic, probabilistic reasoning, uncertainty modeling, and related methodologies.

The Journal of Differential Geometry is a respected academic journal that publishes high-quality research articles in the field of differential geometry, a branch of mathematics that studies the properties and applications of geometric objects using techniques from calculus and linear algebra. The journal covers a wide range of topics within differential geometry, including but not limited to Riemannian geometry, geometric analysis, symplectic geometry, and mathematical physics. The journal aims to provide an outlet for original research contributions, surveys, and significant developments in the field.

The Journal of Geometry is a scholarly periodical that publishes research articles related to various aspects of geometry and its applications. The journal covers a wide range of topics within geometry, including but not limited to differential geometry, algebraic geometry, geometric topology, and computational geometry. Academic journals like the Journal of Geometry serve as platforms for researchers to share their findings with the mathematical community, facilitating the dissemination of new theories, methods, and applications. The articles typically undergo peer review to ensure quality and scientific rigor.

The Journal of Geometry and Physics is a scholarly journal that publishes research articles in the fields of geometry and physics, often focusing on the interplay between these two disciplines. It typically includes works on various topics such as differential geometry, mathematical physics, classical and quantum mechanics, relativity, and geometric aspects of gauge theory and string theory. The journal aims to provide a platform for scientists and researchers to explore and communicate advancements in understanding how geometric concepts can be applied to physical theories and vice versa.