Textile engineering is a field of engineering that focuses on the design, production, and processing of textiles and related materials. It encompasses the study of fibers, yarns, fabrics, and finished textile products, integrating principles from various disciplines, including materials science, mechanical engineering, chemistry, and design. Key areas of textile engineering include: 1. **Fiber Production**: Understanding synthetic and natural fibers, their properties, and methods of production, including spinning and weaving.

Mathematical and theoretical biology is an interdisciplinary field that applies mathematical techniques and theoretical approaches to understand biological systems and processes. This area of research is diverse, encompassing various aspects of biology, from ecology and evolutionary biology to population dynamics, epidemiology, and cellular biology. ### Key Components: 1. **Mathematical Modeling**: - Researchers create mathematical models to describe biological processes. These models can take various forms, including differential equations, stochastic models, and discrete models.

A geometric series is a series of terms that have a constant ratio between successive terms. It is formed from a geometric sequence, which is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed, non-zero number called the common ratio.

Social choice theory is a theoretical framework that explores how individuals' preferences can be aggregated to make collective decisions. It encompasses a variety of methods and principles for assessing and determining the best course of action in situations where multiple individuals have differing preferences, needs, or choices. Key aspects of social choice theory include: 1. **Voting Systems**: The study of various electoral systems and how they influence the outcomes of elections. This includes methods such as plurality voting, ranked-choice voting, and others.

Lebanese physicists are individuals from Lebanon who specialize in the field of physics, contributing to various areas of research and academia. Lebanon has a number of universities and research institutions where physicists study, teach, and conduct research. Lebanese physicists have made contributions in various subfields, including theoretical physics, experimental physics, astrophysics, condensed matter physics, and nuclear physics.

"Iraqi physicists" generally refers to scientists and researchers from Iraq who specialize in the field of physics. Iraq has a history of notable physicists and contributions to various areas of physical science, even amidst challenges and conflicts. These scientists work in a variety of subfields, including theoretical physics, experimental physics, nuclear physics, and more. The Iraqi scientific community has faced significant challenges due to war, sanctions, and instability, which have affected education and research opportunities.

Elementary arithmetic is the branch of mathematics that deals with the basic operations of numbers. It forms the foundation for all other areas of mathematics and is typically taught in early education. The main operations of elementary arithmetic include: 1. **Addition**: Combining two or more numbers to get a total (sum). For example, 2 + 3 = 5. 2. **Subtraction**: Determining the difference between two numbers by removing the value of one from another.

Modular arithmetic, often referred to as "clock arithmetic," is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers wrap around after reaching a certain value known as the modulus. In modular arithmetic, two numbers are considered equivalent if they have the same remainder when divided by the modulus. The basic notation for modular arithmetic is \( a \equiv b \mod m \), which means that \( a \) and \( b \) give the same remainder when divided by \( m \).

Quark matter is a type of exotic matter that is theorized to exist at extremely high densities, where quarks—fundamental particles that make up protons and neutrons—are no longer confined within individual baryons (protons and neutrons) but instead exist in a free or deconfined state. This state of matter is expected to be found in the cores of neutron stars, particularly in neutron star mergers or in the early universe shortly after the Big Bang.

Standard candles are astronomical objects that have a known intrinsic brightness (luminosity). They are used as reference points to measure distances in the universe. By comparing the known luminosity of a standard candle to its observed brightness as seen from Earth, astronomers can determine how far away the object is. One of the most commonly used types of standard candles is certain types of variable stars, such as Cepheid variables, whose pulsation periods are directly related to their luminosity.

Gravitational-wave astronomy is a branch of astrophysics that involves the observation and analysis of gravitational waves—ripples in spacetime that are produced by some of the most violent and energetic processes in the universe. These waves are generated by events such as the merger of black holes, neutron star collisions, and supernovae.