Imbibition is the process by which a substance, usually a solid, absorbs moisture or liquid and swells as a result. This phenomenon is particularly significant in biological and physical sciences. Common examples include seeds absorbing water before germination and the swelling of dry wood or clay when exposed to water. In biological contexts, imbibition is crucial for various processes, including seed germination, where water uptake activates the metabolic processes necessary for growth.

The Linear Collider Collaboration (LCC) is an international organization that focuses on the development and promotion of linear collider projects for high-energy physics research. A linear collider is a type of particle accelerator in which particles, such as electrons and positrons, are accelerated along a straight path and then collided at high energies. This collision enables scientists to study fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions with great precision.

The National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) is a prominent research facility located in Taiwan. It specializes in producing synchrotron radiation, which is a type of electromagnetic radiation generated when charged particles, such as electrons, are accelerated in a magnetic field. This radiation is utilized for a variety of scientific and industrial applications, allowing researchers to conduct experiments in fields such as materials science, biology, chemistry, and physics.

The Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research (Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung) is a renowned research institution located in Stuttgart, Germany. It is part of the Max Planck Society, which is a prestigious organization dedicated to advancing fundamental research in various fields. The institute focuses on understanding solid-state materials and their properties, with a strong emphasis on experimental and theoretical studies.

The Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS) is a research institute located in Dresden, Germany. It is part of the Max Planck Society, a prominent organization that supports fundamental research in various fields. MPI-PKS focuses on the study of complex systems, which are systems composed of many interacting components that exhibit collective behaviors that can be difficult to predict based on the properties of individual parts.

The Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata is one of the premier institutes in India, established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India in 2006. It is part of a network of IISERs aimed at promoting advanced education and research in the fields of science and engineering.

The Institute for Scientific Interchange (ISI) is an independent research organization based in Turin, Italy. Established in 2002, the ISI focuses on fostering interdisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, researchers, and institutions both in Italy and internationally. The institute aims to promote the advancement of knowledge in various scientific fields, particularly in the area of complex systems, data science, and their applications in real-world problems.

The Institute of Biophysics (IBP) is a research institution affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), located in Beijing, China. Established in 1958, the IBP is dedicated to interdisciplinary research in biophysics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and related fields. Its mission is to advance scientific understanding of the structure and function of biological macromolecules, cellular processes, and systems biology.

Mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON) refer to a group of nitrogen oxides that include various combinations of nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) atoms. The most commonly known nitrogen oxides are: 1. **Nitric oxide (NO)**: A colorless gas that plays a significant role in atmospheric chemistry and can be produced during combustion processes.

The Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics (Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, MPIK) is a prominent research facility in Germany, part of the Max Planck Society. It is located in Heidelberg and focuses on the study of nuclear physics, particle physics, and astrophysics. Established in 1958, the institute conducts cutting-edge research in various fields, including the fundamental interactions of particles, the structure of atomic nuclei, and phenomena related to cosmic rays and astrophysical processes.

Microalgae are microscopic, photosynthetic organisms primarily found in aquatic environments, including both freshwater and marine ecosystems. They can be single-celled or multicellular and are essential components of the food web, serving as a primary producer by converting sunlight into energy through the process of photosynthesis.

The Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (NORDITA) is a research institute located in Sweden that focuses on theoretical physics. It was established in 1957 as a collaborative effort among the Nordic countries — Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden — to promote research in various areas of theoretical physics. NORDITA provides a scientific environment for researchers, including graduate students and postdoctoral researchers, and organizes various activities such as conferences, workshops, and seminar series.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, Ghulam Murtaza is a physicist known for his contributions to the field of physics, particularly in areas such as condensed matter physics, materials science, or any specialized subfield he may be associated with. However, specific details about his work, research contributions, or notable publications may not be widely covered in publicly available resources.

The Strasbourg Institute of Material Physics and Chemistry (Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, IPCMS) is a research institute located in Strasbourg, France. It focuses on the study and development of materials, exploring their physical and chemical properties, as well as their applications in various fields such as electronics, nanotechnology, and energy. The IPCMS serves as an interdisciplinary hub that brings together researchers from different scientific backgrounds, including physics, chemistry, and engineering.

The Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering is a research institution located in Kharkiv, Ukraine. It is dedicated to the study of low-temperature physics and engineering, focusing on various scientific fields, including condensed matter physics, cryogenics, superconductivity, and related technologies. The institute is named after the prominent physicist and engineer, Boris Verkin, who made significant contributions to the field.

Optica is a professional society that focuses on the advancement of optics and photonics. Originally founded as the Optical Society (OSA) in 1916, it was rebranded as Optica in 2021 to reflect its commitment to inclusivity and the broadening of its mission to support diverse aspects of optical science and technology. The society serves researchers, engineers, and professionals in the field by providing resources such as conferences, publications, educational materials, and networking opportunities.

Rayleigh–Taylor instability is a phenomenon in fluid dynamics that occurs at the interface between two fluids of different densities when the lighter fluid is positioned above the heavier fluid. This instability can arise in various physical scenarios, such as in astrophysics, oceanography, and engineering applications. The classic example is a scenario where a heavy fluid (e.g., water) is at rest below a lighter fluid (e.g., oil).