In logic, circumscription is a formal method used for reasoning about knowledge and belief, particularly in the context of non-monotonic reasoning. It was introduced by the logician John McCarthy in the late 20th century. Circumscription allows for the representation of default reasoning and assumptions about the world by minimizing or restricting the extensions of certain predicates.

The CIT Program Tumor Identity Cards refer to a specific initiative related to cancer diagnostics and patient care. CIT stands for "Cancer Identification Tools," and the program focuses on creating a personalized approach for identifying and managing tumors in patients. This entails developing tumor identity cards that help in the precise classification of cancer types based on molecular and genetic characteristics. These identity cards serve a crucial purpose in helping healthcare professionals understand the specific genetic makeup of a patient's tumor, which can influence treatment decisions and improve outcomes.

Claes Oldenburg is a prominent Swedish-American sculptor, best known for his large-scale public art installations and soft sculptures that playfully reinterpret everyday objects and consumer products. Born on January 28, 1929, in Stockholm, Sweden, he moved to the United States in 1936. Oldenburg became a key figure in the pop art movement, emerging in the 1960s alongside artists like Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein.

Clarice Weinberg is a prominent biologist known for her work in the fields of genetics, evolutionary biology, and complex systems. She has been involved in research that explores the interactions between genetic and environmental factors in shaping biological traits and behaviors. Weinberg has contributed to our understanding of the evolutionary processes that drive diversity in natural populations. Additionally, she has been influential in promoting interdisciplinary approaches in biological research, integrating insights from various scientific disciplines to address complex biological questions.

Classical gravity and quantum gravity are two concepts that relate to our understanding of gravitational interactions in the framework of physics, but they operate within different theoretical frameworks and contexts.

Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) is a theoretical framework used to describe the formation of new phase domains, such as droplets or crystals, in a system. This process, called nucleation, is essential in areas like materials science, atmospheric science, and the study of phase transitions. Here are the key components of Classical Nucleation Theory: 1. **Nucleation Basics**: Nucleation occurs when a new phase (e.g.

Clifford algebras are a type of associative algebra that arise naturally in various areas of mathematics and physics, particularly in the study of geometric transformations and spinors. The classification of Clifford algebras is typically done based on the dimension of the underlying vector space and the signature of the quadratic form used to define them.

The class number problem is a central question in algebraic number theory that relates to the properties of the ideal class group of a number field, specifically its class number. The class number is an important invariant that measures the failure of unique factorization in the ring of integers of a number field.

A "clean ring" is a term that can refer to different concepts depending on the context in which it is used. However, it is not a widely recognized term in any specific discipline.

Client-side encryption is a method of data protection in which information is encrypted by the client (the user's device) before being transmitted to a server or cloud storage. This approach ensures that the data remains encrypted while in transit and at rest, meaning that even if a third party, such as the service provider, gains access to the data, they cannot read or interpret it without the encryption keys.

A cliffed coast, also known as a cliff coast or cliff shoreline, refers to a type of coastal landscape where steep geological formations, such as cliffs or escarpments, rise sharply from the water. These cliffs are typically formed through processes such as erosion, weathering, and tectonic activity, which result in the removal of softer material, leaving behind harder rock formations that create the dramatic sheer drop to the sea.

The Clifford–Klein form refers to a particular representation of manifolds, especially in the context of Riemannian geometry. It is used to describe certain types of homogeneous spaces, which are spaces that exhibit uniformity in their geometric properties. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Homogeneous Spaces:** These are spaces where, at every point, there exists a symmetry which can take one point to another. Common examples include spheres and projective spaces.

Clifford Taubes is an American mathematician known for his work in differential geometry, particularly in the areas of gauge theory and the study of 3-manifolds. He has made significant contributions to the understanding of Einstein's equations, low-dimensional topology, and the geometry of manifolds. Taubes is also known for developing a theory of geometric structures on manifolds and for his work related to the Seiberg-Witten invariants.

A closed-loop controller is a type of control system that uses feedback to adjust its output based on the difference between a desired setpoint and the actual output. This feedback mechanism allows the system to automatically correct any deviations from the desired performance or target values. ### Key Features of Closed-Loop Controllers: 1. **Feedback**: They continuously monitor the output of the system and feed this information back to the controller. This is essential for the system to make real-time adjustments.

The Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone (CANWFZ) is an international treaty aimed at establishing a region in Central Asia free of nuclear weapons. It covers the five Central Asian countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The treaty was signed in 2006 and came into effect in 2009.

"Centers of action" is a term that can refer to different concepts depending on the context in which it is used. Below are a couple of interpretations: 1. **Psychological and Philosophical Context**: In psychology and philosophy, "centers of action" might refer to the motivations or drives that influence an individual's behavior. This could involve internal factors like beliefs and desires or external factors such as social expectations and norms that shape how a person acts.

The Center for Complex Quantum Systems (CCQS) is a research institute or initiative focused on the study and exploration of complex phenomena in quantum systems. While the specific details about the center may vary depending on its location and affiliation, centers like CCQS typically aim to advance the understanding of quantum mechanics, quantum information, and quantum computation by investigating intricate behaviors in many-body systems, entanglement, and other quantum phenomena.

The Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL) is a nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1959, CAL focuses on improving communication and understanding across languages and cultures. It conducts research, provides resources, and offers training related to language education, bilingualism, multilingualism, language assessment, and language policy, among other topics. CAL's work often involves collaborating with educators, policymakers, and researchers to develop programs and materials that address the needs of diverse language communities.

Cellular decomposition is a concept in mathematics, particularly in topology and algebraic topology, that refers to the process of breaking down a topological space into simpler, more manageable pieces called cells. Cells are basic building blocks that can be thought of as generalizations of simple geometric shapes like points, line segments, disks, or higher-dimensional analogs.

Cellular automata (CA) are mathematical models used to simulate complex systems and processes through simple rules applied to discrete grids. These systems consist of an array of cells, each of which can be in a finite number of states (commonly binary states like 0 and 1). The behavior of the cells is determined by a set of local rules that dictate how the state of each cell evolves over discrete time steps based on the states of its neighboring cells.