A plano-convex ingot is a type of optical element that has one flat (plane) surface and one convex (curved) surface. This shape is typically used in the fabrication of lenses, particularly in optics where the plano-convex lens design is common. **Characteristics of Plano-Convex Ingots:** 1. **Shape**: The plano side is flat, while the convex side has a portion of a sphere shape. This geometry helps in focusing or diverging light.

The 18th century in Lithuania was a period of limited mathematical development when compared to Western Europe, primarily due to the political turmoil and the partitions of the country. However, some notable figures contributed to the mathematical landscape during this time. One significant mathematician from this era was **Marcin Kromer**, who, though primarily known for his work in astronomy and philosophy, also engaged with mathematical concepts.

Fuensanta Aroca might refer to a person, likely with notable contributions in a specific field, such as science, arts, or another area. However, based on the information I have up to October 2023, there isn't any widely recognized individual or entity by that name that is well-documented in public data. It could also refer to a specific location, event, or cultural reference that isn't extensively covered in major sources.

Mautner's lemma is a result in the field of group theory, particularly in the study of groups of automorphisms of topological spaces and in the context of ergodic theory. It provides a criterion for determining when a subgroup acting on a measure space behaves in a particular way, often related to the invariant structures and ergodic measures.

The 1978 Austrian nuclear power referendum was a significant event in Austria's political history regarding the decision on the future of nuclear energy in the country. The referendum took place on November 5, 1978, and was primarily focused on whether to continue the construction of a nuclear power plant in the town of Zwentendorf, which had already been partially built.

The 1998 bombing of Iraq primarily refers to a military operation conducted by the United States and the United Kingdom known as Operation Desert Fox. This operation took place from December 16 to December 19, 1998, and involved a series of airstrikes aimed at degrading Iraq's ability to produce and deploy weapons of mass destruction (WMDs).

The series you provided is \( 1 - 2 + 4 - 8 + \ldots \). This can be expressed as an infinite series of the form: \[ S = 1 - 2 + 4 - 8 + 16 - 32 + \ldots \] This is a geometric series where the first term \( a = 1 \) and the common ratio \( r = -2 \).

The 1% rule is a guideline often used by real estate investors to quickly evaluate potential investment properties. It suggests that the monthly rental income of a property should be at least 1% of the purchase price to be considered a good investment. For example, if a property costs $200,000, it should generate at least $2,000 in monthly rental income (1% of $200,000) to meet the rule of thumb.

The 2000 Webby Awards were the 4th annual awards honoring excellence on the internet. Established by the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences (IADAS), the Webby Awards recognize outstanding websites, online advertising, and other internet-related content across various categories. Winners are selected based on their creativity, originality, and functionality, and they include categories such as Best Homepage, Best Activism Site, and Best Music Site, among many others.

The 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff was a significant military confrontation between India and Pakistan that escalated tensions in the region, primarily following a terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in December 2001.

"2001: A Space Odyssey" is a science fiction novel written by Arthur C. Clarke, originally published in 1968. The book was developed as a companion piece to Stanley Kubrick's film of the same name, which was released in the same year. However, Clarke's novel and the film evolved separately, with their respective stories and themes expanding on the same overarching concepts.

The 2011 Italian referendums were a series of referendums held in Italy on June 12 and 13, 2011. There were four questions presented to voters, primarily addressing issues related to water privatization, nuclear energy, and judicial reforms. 1. **Water Services**: The first two referendums focused on the privatization of water services.

The term "2013 Nordic storms" generally refers to a series of severe weather events that affected the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) during the winter of 2013. These storms were characterized by heavy snowfall, strong winds, and significant disruptions to transportation and daily life across the region. One of the most notable storms during this period was Storm "Hilde," which caused widespread damage and power outages in several areas.

In 2014, North Korea conducted a series of missile tests that raised significant international concern and condemnation. Throughout the year, the country launched various short-range and medium-range ballistic missiles, as well as other types of projectiles, demonstrating advancements in its missile capabilities. Key aspects of the 2014 missile tests include: 1. **Frequency of Tests**: North Korea conducted multiple missile launches during the year, particularly in the first half of 2014.

Full-time equivalent (FTE) is a standard measurement used to assess the workload of employees and compare it to full-time hours. It is commonly used in various contexts, including workforce planning, budgeting, and reporting in organizations. The concept allows organizations to express their employee workloads in a more standardized manner, particularly when dealing with part-time and full-time employees.

The 2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy arose from the implementation of a grading system during the COVID-19 pandemic when schools were closed. As traditional examinations like the GCSEs (General Certificate of Secondary Education) and A-levels (Advanced Level) could not be held, the UK government and exam boards developed an algorithm to assign grades based on a combination of teacher predictions, historical school performance, and other metrics.

The number 202 is an integer that comes after 201 and before 203. In terms of its properties: - It is an even number. - It is a composite number, meaning it has divisors other than 1 and itself (the divisors of 202 are 1, 2, 101, and 202). - In Roman numerals, 202 is represented as CCII. - In binary, it is written as 11001010.

The number 208 is an integer that follows 207 and precedes 209. It can be broken down into various mathematical representations: 1. **Basic Properties**: - It is an even number. - It is a composite number (meaning it has divisors other than 1 and itself).

The 20th century saw significant contributions to mathematics from various Greek mathematicians, who made notable impacts in fields such as algebra, analysis, geometry, and number theory. Here are some prominent Greek mathematicians from that era: 1. **Constantin Carathéodory (1861–1950)** - A mathematician who made contributions in various areas including measure theory, the calculus of variations, and thermodynamics. He also worked on the theory of functions of a complex variable.

The 20th century saw a number of prominent Hungarian mathematicians who made significant contributions to various fields of mathematics. Here are a few notable figures: 1. **László Lovász** (b. 1939) - A prominent combinatorialist, Lovász made significant contributions to graph theory, combinatorial optimization, and the theory of random walks on graphs. He has also worked on algorithm design and complexity.