An Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) is a type of nuclear weapon that is constructed in a non-standard or makeshift manner, typically by individuals or groups that do not have access to formal nuclear weapon programs. Unlike conventional nuclear weapons, which are designed and manufactured by state military agencies, INDs can be created using stolen or illicitly obtained fissile materials, along with improvised engineering techniques.

In the context of module theory, a branch of abstract algebra, an indecomposable module is a module that cannot be expressed as a direct sum of two non-trivial submodules. More formally, a module \( M \) over a ring \( R \) is said to be indecomposable if whenever \( M \) can be written as a direct sum of two submodules \( A \) and \( B \) (i.e.

Incentive-centered design (ICD) is a framework that focuses on understanding and leveraging human motivations to design systems, products, or services that effectively influence behavior. The core idea is to create environments that align the incentives of various stakeholders—such as users, customers, or employees—with the desired outcomes of the designers or organizations. Key principles of incentive-centered design include: 1. **Understanding Motivations**: Identifying what drives individuals to act in certain ways is crucial.

The Incheon Airport Maglev is a magnetic levitation (maglev) train system that operates in South Korea, specifically designed to connect Incheon International Airport with nearby areas, including the Gimpo International Airport and the city of Incheon. It utilizes advanced maglev technology, allowing trains to float above the track using magnetic fields, which reduces friction and enables high-speed travel.

The Index of Dissimilarity (ID) is a statistical measure used in social sciences to quantify the level of segregation or diversity within a population. It specifically measures how evenly two or more groups are distributed across geographical areas or social contexts.

Indian astrophysicists are scientists from India who specialize in the field of astrophysics, which is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physical properties and underlying processes of celestial bodies and phenomena. They study the universe's structure, origin, evolution, and eventual fate, often using principles from physics and chemistry to understand celestial objects and phenomena, such as stars, galaxies, black holes, and the cosmic microwave background.

The Indian numbering system is a numerical system used primarily in India and some neighboring countries. It differs from the Western or international numbering system in terms of grouping of digits and the names assigned to larger numbers. Here are some key features of the Indian numbering system: 1. **Grouping of Digits**: - In the Indian system, digits are grouped in pairs after the first three digits (from the right).

Indira Chatterji is a prominent figure in the field of Indian classical music, particularly known for her contributions to the art of Hindustani music. She is recognized for her performances, teaching, and research in this area. Chatterji may also be associated with various cultural and educational initiatives aimed at promoting Indian music and heritage.

Indium (111In) altumomab pentetate, commonly referred to as Indium-111-penetreotide or by its brand names such as OctreoScan, is a radiopharmaceutical used for medical imaging, particularly in the detection of neuroendocrine tumors. ### Key Components: - **Indium-111**: This is a radioactive isotope of indium used as a tracer in nuclear medicine. It emits gamma rays, which can be detected by imaging devices.

TOPO cloning is a molecular biology technique used to clone DNA fragments into plasmids. It utilizes a specific type of DNA ligase that facilitates the insertion of DNA fragments into plasmids with "overhangs".

Induced-charge electrokinetics refers to the phenomena associated with the movement of fluid and particles caused by electric fields acting on induced charges at interfaces. This concept is often explored in the context of colloidal science, microfluidics, and electrochemistry. When an external electric field is applied to a system containing charged particles, such as colloids in a liquid, the electric field can induce charge separation on those particles or at the interfaces between different materials (like electrodes and electrolytes).

Industrial ecology is an interdisciplinary field that explores the relationships between industrial systems and the natural environment. The goal of an industrial ecology program is to improve sustainability by analyzing the flow of materials and energy in industrial processes, as well as the environmental impacts associated with these processes. Key components of an industrial ecology program typically include: 1. **Material Flow Analysis**: Understanding how materials move through industrial systems, which includes assessing resource extraction, production, consumption, and disposal.

Industrial finishing refers to a variety of processes applied to manufactured products to enhance their surface properties, improve aesthetics, and extend durability. These finishes are critical in industries such as automotive, aerospace, electronics, and consumer goods, where both functional and visual characteristics are important. The main objectives of industrial finishing include: 1. **Surface Treatment**: This involves processes that modify the surface of materials to improve their properties, such as corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and adhesion.

Inertial navigation is a technique used to determine the position, orientation, and velocity of a moving object without the need for external references. It relies on an inertial measurement unit (IMU), which typically comprises accelerometers and gyroscopes to measure the object's acceleration and angular velocity, respectively. Here's how inertial navigation works: 1. **Acceleration Measurement**: Accelerometers detect changes in velocity by measuring the net acceleration of the object in different directions.

In statistics, an "informant" typically refers to a source of information or data about a particular subject or phenomenon. This term is often used in various research contexts, especially in qualitative research, where an informant may provide insights, experiences, or perspectives that are valuable for understanding a particular issue or population. In the context of data collection, informants can offer direct, firsthand accounts that researchers could not normally obtain through surveys or experiments.

An information cascade occurs when individuals in a group make decisions based on the observations or actions of others rather than on their own private information. This phenomenon typically happens in situations where people are uncertain about what to do, and they rely on the behavior of those who went before them as a shortcut to inform their choices. The process can be summarized as follows: 1. **Initial Observation**: A few individuals make a decision based on their private information or preferences.

Information Gain Ratio (IGR) is a metric used in decision tree algorithms, such as the C4.5 algorithm, for feature selection. It measures the effectiveness of an attribute in classifying the dataset. Here's how it works: ### Information Gain To understand Information Gain Ratio, it's essential first to grasp the concept of Information Gain (IG). Information Gain quantifies the reduction in entropy or uncertainty in a dataset after splitting it based on a particular attribute.