The depolarization ratio is a term commonly used in the fields of optics, atmospheric science, and remote sensing to describe the degree of light polarization change after scattering, particularly in relation to particles or aerosols in the atmosphere. It is defined as the ratio of the intensity of the scattered light that is polarized to the intensity of the light that is unpolarized or the total intensity of the light.

Dark current spectroscopy is a technique used in the field of spectroscopy to analyze the properties of materials and detect specific phenomena, often in the context of photodetectors and other devices that interact with light. The "dark current" refers to the electrical current that flows through a photodetector in the absence of light, which can arise from thermal excitation of charge carriers, defects, and other mechanisms.

Vapor phase decomposition is a chemical process where a compound is broken down into its constituent parts (or simpler substances) in the vapor phase, usually through the application of heat or by exposure to a reactive environment. This process is often utilized in various industrial and laboratory applications, such as in the synthesis of materials, the purification of substances, or in chemical analysis.

Spin-polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy (SPEELS) is a sophisticated technique used to investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of materials at the nanoscale. This method combines aspects of traditional electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and spin-polarized techniques to provide insights into the spin states of electrons in materials.

Spectroscopy Letters is a scientific journal that publishes research articles, reviews, and brief communications focused on the field of spectroscopy. Spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation, and it has applications in various fields including chemistry, physics, material science, biology, and environmental science. The journal typically covers a wide range of topics related to spectroscopic techniques, including but not limited to infrared, ultraviolet, visible, and Raman spectroscopy.

Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy is a scientific journal that focuses on the field of spectroscopy, particularly related to molecules and biomolecules. The journal publishes original research articles, reviews, and other types of scholarly content that explore various spectroscopic techniques and their applications in a wide range of scientific disciplines, including chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science.

The Journal of Raman Spectroscopy is a scientific publication that focuses on research related to Raman spectroscopy and its applications. Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used to observe vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. This technique is widely used in chemistry, biology, materials science, and various fields for analyzing molecular structures, chemical compositions, and interactions. The journal publishes original research articles, reviews, and technical notes that contribute to the advancement of knowledge in Raman spectroscopy and related techniques.

Applied Spectroscopy is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that focuses on the field of spectroscopy, which is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. The journal covers a wide range of topics related to various spectroscopic techniques, including but not limited to infrared, ultraviolet-visible, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy.

Wolfgang Demtröder is a notable figure in the field of physics, particularly known for his work in spectroscopy and quantum mechanics. He is recognized for his contributions to the understanding of atomic and molecular interactions and has authored several textbooks and research papers on these subjects. One of his well-known works is the textbook "Laser Spectroscopy: Basic Concepts and Practical Methods," which is widely used in the educational sector for teaching concepts related to laser spectroscopy.

William de Wiveleslie Abney (1847–1932) was a British chemist and photographer known for his significant contributions to the field of photography, particularly in the study of light and color. He is best known for his work on photographic processes and the development of the "Abney method" of measuring the color and quality of light.

An astro-comb is a sophisticated astronomical instrument that combines the functions of an optical frequency comb and a spectrograph. It is designed to create highly accurate and precise measurements of the spectrum of light from astronomical objects. Optical frequency combs produce a series of evenly spaced, discrete frequency lines (or modes) that can be used as a ruler for measuring optical frequencies with extraordinary precision.

William Swan (1924–2015) was a notable physicist known for his contributions to various fields, particularly in the area of electromagnetic theory and its applications. He had a significant influence in the study of physics and was involved in research and academic pursuits throughout his career.

William P. Bidelman is a prominent figure in the field of psychology, particularly known for his contributions to the study of personality and social psychology. His work has often focused on how personality traits and social behaviors influence individual decision-making and interactions.

William Huggins (1824–1910) was a prominent English astronomer known for his pioneering work in astrophysics. He is particularly noted for his contributions to the study of spectroscopy, which is the analysis of the light emitted or absorbed by materials. Huggins was one of the first astronomers to apply spectroscopy to the study of celestial bodies, helping to determine their composition, temperature, and motion.

William E. Moerner is an American physicist and a notable figure in the field of chemistry and biophysics. He is best known for his contributions to the development of super-resolution microscopy, a technique that allows scientists to observe the behavior of molecules at the nanometer scale. Moerner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014, along with Eric Betzig and Stefan W.

It seems like there might be a small mix-up in the name. You might be referring to Sergei Prokofiev, a famous Russian composer, pianist, and musical writer of the 20th century. Prokofiev is known for his significant contributions to classical music, including symphonies, concertos, operas, ballets, and film music.

Villy Sundström is a notable public figure in Sweden, primarily recognized for his contributions to various fields, including politics and possibly academia or business, depending on the specific context. However, there might be multiple individuals with that name, so it would be helpful to have more context to provide accurate information about the specific Villy Sundström you are referring to.

Victor Schumann may refer to different individuals or topics, but there isn't a widely recognized figure by that name in popular culture, history, or significant events up to my last knowledge update in October 2023. It's possible that Victor Schumann could be a lesser-known individual in a specific profession, or perhaps a fictional character, depending on the context.

In the context of matroid theory, the **rank** of a matroid is a fundamental concept that generalizes the notion of linear independence from vector spaces and graphs. A matroid is a combinatorial structure that captures the essence of independence in various mathematical settings.

Victor Francis Hess (1883–1964) was an Austrian physicist known for his pioneering work in the field of cosmic rays. He is best known for his discovery of cosmic radiation, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936 along with William E. McMillan. Hess conducted experiments in the early 20th century that involved measuring ionization at various altitudes using a balloon.