Spatial resolution refers to the smallest discernible unit of space captured in an image or dataset and indicates how much detail a system can capture in a spatial dimension. In various contexts, it has specific meanings: 1. **Remote Sensing**: In satellite imagery or aerial photography, spatial resolution refers to the size of the smallest object that can be detected. For example, if an image has a spatial resolution of 10 meters, it means that objects smaller than 10 meters cannot be distinguished.

The term "Z-tube" can refer to different concepts depending on the context. However, in a scientific or technological context, it often refers to a type of carbon nanotube. Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical structures made of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern. They possess remarkable mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, making them valuable in various applications, including nanotechnology, materials science, and electronics.

Underwood Dudley is an American mathematician and author known for his work in the field of mathematics, particularly in number theory. He is also recognized for his contributions to mathematical education and for his writings that often focus on the enjoyment and beauty of mathematics. Dudley is most famously associated with his book **"Mathematics and the Imagination"**, where he explores various mathematical concepts and their philosophical implications.

Astrophysics is a branch of astronomy that focuses on understanding the physical properties and underlying phenomena of celestial objects and the universe as a whole. It combines principles from physics and astronomy to study a wide range of topics, including the formation, evolution, and behavior of stars, galaxies, black holes, nebulae, and the overall structure of space-time.

Experimental physics is a branch of physics that focuses on the observation, experimentation, and measurement of physical phenomena. It involves the design and execution of experiments to test hypotheses, validate theories, and explore the laws of nature. Experimental physicists use a variety of tools and techniques to gather data, ranging from simple laboratory apparatus to complex systems like particle accelerators, telescopes, and other technological instruments.

Mathematical artworks are creative expressions that use mathematical concepts, structures, or techniques as a fundamental part of their design, composition, or inspiration. These artworks often explore geometry, symmetry, fractals, algorithms, and patterns, allowing artists to visually interpret mathematical ideas in innovative ways. Here are some common aspects of mathematical artworks: 1. **Geometric Patterns**: Artists may create work based on geometric principles, involving shapes, tessellations, or polyhedra. M.C.

Mathematics books are texts that focus on various topics within the field of mathematics. They can cater to a wide range of audiences, from elementary school students to advanced scholars, and cover various branches of mathematics, including but not limited to: 1. **Arithmetic and Basic Mathematics**: Foundational concepts such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, fractions, and percentages. 2. **Algebra**: Topics include equations, functions, polynomials, and algebraic structures.

Mathematics manuscripts refer to original written works that present mathematical ideas, theories, proofs, or research. These manuscripts can take various forms, including research papers, textbooks, theses, or articles meant for publication in academic journals. They may include detailed explanations, theorems, examples, and illustrations, designed to communicate mathematical concepts clearly. The term can also refer to historical mathematical documents, such as ancient texts that outline mathematical principles or methods from earlier civilizations.

"Algebraists" typically refers to mathematicians who specialize in the field of algebra, a branch of mathematics that deals with symbols and the rules for manipulating those symbols. Algebra is concerned with solving equations and understanding mathematical structures, such as groups, rings, fields, and vector spaces.

Mathematical identities are equalities that hold true for all permissible values of the variables involved. They are fundamental relationships between mathematical expressions that can be used to simplify calculations, prove other mathematical statements, or reveal deeper connections between different areas of mathematics. Some common types of mathematical identities include: 1. **Algebraic identities**: These involve algebraic expressions and typically include formulas related to polynomials.

See also: github.com/cirosantilli/awesome-whole-cell-simulation

As of 2019, the silicon industry is ending, and molecular biology technology is one of the most promising and growing field of engineering.

Such advances could one day lead to both biological super-AGI and immortality.

Ciro Santilli is especially excited about DNA-related technologies, because DNA is the centerpiece of biology, and it is programmable.

First, during the 2000's, the cost of DNA sequencing fell to about 1000 USD per genome in the end of the 2010's: Figure 2. "Cost per genome vs Moore's law from 2000 to 2019", largely due to "Illumina's" technology.

The medical consequences of this revolution are still trickling down towards medical applications of 2019, inevitably, but somewhat slowly due to tight privacy control of medical records.

Ciro Santilli predicts that when the 100 dollar mark is reached, every person of the First world will have their genome sequenced, and then medical applications will be closer at hand than ever.

But even 100 dollars is not enough. Sequencing power is like computing power: humankind can never have enough. Sequencing is not a one per person thing. For example, as of 2019 tumors are already being sequenced to help understand and treat them, and scientists/doctors will sequence as many tumor cells as budget allows.

Then, in the 2010's, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing started opening up the way to actually modifying the genome that we could now see through sequencing.

What's next?

Ciro believes that the next step in the revolution could be could be: de novo DNA synthesis.

This technology could be the key to the one of the ultimate dream of biologists: cheap programmable biology with push-button organism bootstrap!

Just imagine this: at the comfort of your own garage, you take some model organism of interest, maybe start humble with Escherichia coli. Then you modify its DNA to your liking, and upload it to a 3D printer sized machine on your workbench, which automatically synthesizes the DNA, and injects into a bootstrapped cell.

You then make experiments to check if the modified cell achieves your desired new properties, e.g. production of some protein, and if not reiterate, just like a software engineer.

Of course, even if we were able to do the bootstrap, the debugging process then becomes key, as visibility is the key limitation of biology, maybe we need other cheap technologies to come in at that point.

This a place point we see the beauty of evolution the brightest: evolution does not require observability. But it also implies that if your changes to the organism make it less fit, then your mutation will also likely be lost. This has to be one of the considerations done when designing your organism.

Other cool topic include:

It's weird, cells feel a lot like embedded systems: small, complex, hard to observe, and profound.

Ciro is sad that by the time he dies, humanity won't have understood the human brain, maybe not even a measly Escherichia coli... Heck, even key molecular biology events are not yet fully understood, see e.g. transcription regulation.

One of the most exciting aspects of molecular biology technologies is their relatively low entry cost, compared for example to other areas such as fusion energy and quantum computing.