Prestressed concrete is a type of concrete that is specially designed to withstand tensile stresses that occur in structures. This is achieved by introducing internal stresses to the concrete before it is subjected to external loads. The main objective of prestressing is to improve the performance of the concrete, allowing it to resist cracking and increasing its load-bearing capacity.

The term "fine electronic structure" generally refers to the detailed arrangement of electrons in an atom or molecule and how this arrangement affects the physical and chemical properties of the system. In quantum mechanics and atomic physics, electronic structure involves the distribution of electrons around nuclei and the energy levels they occupy. However, the phrase "fine electronic structure" is often associated with concepts in atomic physics, particularly in relation to fine structure splitting.

William Wolryche-Whitmore is a notable figure in the field of British archaeology and heritage. He is recognized for his work in archaeological research and may also be associated with historical preservation efforts. However, specific details about his contributions, achievements, or current activities may vary and evolve over time.

Dorothy Walcott Weeks (1885-1971) was an American botanist known for her research and contributions to the field of plant taxonomy and ecology. She is particularly recognized for her work on flora of the southwestern United States and her studies on the relationships between plants and their environments. Weeks was often noted for her detailed fieldwork and her efforts to document various plant species. Throughout her career, she contributed to the understanding of plant biodiversity and the importance of conservation.

Roy Ascott is a pioneering figure in the fields of digital art, telematics, and cybernetics. Born in 1934 in London, he is known for his contributions to the intersection of art, technology, and education. Ascott's work often explores the implications of digital communication and networked environments on culture and artistic practices.

Nigel A. L. Clarke is a name that may refer to different individuals in various fields. However, without additional context, it's unclear who you are specifically asking about.

Arnold Ferdinand Arnold (1857–1937) is known for his contributions to the field of mathematics, particularly in the areas of algebra and geometry. He made significant advancements in the study of transformations and the theory of surfaces. His work laid groundwork for later developments in various mathematical disciplines.

Cliff Joslyn is a notable figure in the field of artificial intelligence and knowledge representation. He is known for his work in the areas of cognitive science, computer science, and the development of systems for understanding and processing knowledge. Joslyn has made contributions to the study of how knowledge is structured and utilized in AI systems, focusing on the principles that underlie human cognition and how these can be mimicked in computational models.

Genevieve Bell is an accomplished anthropologist and technologist known for her work at the intersection of technology, culture, and design. She has held various prominent roles, including being a professor at the Australian National University and a director at Intel's Research Labs, where she focused on understanding the social and cultural implications of technology. Bell's research often explores how technology intersects with everyday life and identity, emphasizing the importance of considering human behavior and cultural contexts in the development and implementation of new technologies.

Gert Hauske is a name that may refer to individuals known in various fields, but it might not have widespread recognition in mainstream media.

Heinz von Foerster (1911–2002) was an influential Austrian-born American scientist, philosopher, and educator known for his work in cybernetics and systems theory. He is often associated with the second-order cybernetics movement, which focuses on the observer's role in the systems they study, emphasizing the subjective nature of knowledge and understanding. Von Foerster was a prominent figure in the field of constructivism, which posits that knowledge is constructed rather than discovered.

Nano-PSI (or Nano-pounds per square inch) is a unit of pressure that represents one billionth of a pound per square inch. It is often used in scientific and engineering contexts, particularly in fields like nanotechnology, materials science, and microfabrication, where extremely low pressures or forces are relevant.

Charles Hutton (1737–1823) was an English mathematician and geophysicist, known primarily for his work in mathematical analysis, geodesy, and cartography. He is particularly notable for defining the term "geodesy" and for his contributions to the field of surveying. Hutton's work also included the development of the concept of interpolation in mathematics.

Christopher Middleton was an English navigator and explorer from the late 16th to early 17th century, chiefly known for his attempts to find a northeast passage to Asia. He was particularly active during the period of exploration that followed the initial expeditions by figures such as Martin Waldseemüller and Martin Waldseemüller. Middleton made significant voyages around the early 1600s, navigating Arctic waters and exploring parts of what is now Canada and the northern territories.

Claude Bernard (1813–1878) was a prominent French physiologist known for his significant contributions to the field of experimental physiology. He is often referred to as one of the founders of modern physiology due to his pioneering work in understanding the functions of various organs and systems in the body. Bernard is particularly noted for his research on the role of the liver in glucose production and the concept of "milieu intérieur" (internal environment), which laid the groundwork for the understanding of homeostasis.

Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer (1850–1934) was a prominent British physiologist known for his work in the fields of physiology and endocrinology. He is especially recognized for his research related to the nervous system and the role of hormones, particularly the discovery of the hormone insulin. Sharpey-Schafer contributed significantly to our understanding of how hormones regulate various physiological processes in the body.

Edward Charles Howard is known for his contributions to the field of chemistry, particularly for his work with chemical compounds and processes. He may also be associated with various scientific advancements or innovations.

Francis Crick (1916-2004) was a British molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist, best known for co-discovering the structure of DNA alongside James Watson. In 1953, their groundbreaking work revealed that DNA is structured as a double helix, which provided significant insights into the molecular basis of heredity and laid the foundation for modern genetics. Crick's contributions to science extended beyond DNA.

Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) was a German chemist known for his groundbreaking work in organic chemistry. He is particularly famous for synthesizing urea in 1828, which was a significant milestone because it demonstrated that organic compounds could be created from inorganic substances. This challenged the prevailing belief at the time that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms, a concept known as vitalism.

Howard Florey (1898–1968) was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who is best known for his pivotal role in the development and mass production of penicillin, the first widely used antibiotic. He is often credited with helping to turn Alexander Fleming's earlier discovery of penicillin into a practical medicine that could be used to treat bacterial infections.