New Rhetoric, often associated with the work of scholars such as Chaim Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca, emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to traditional rhetorical theories. Traditional rhetoric, rooted in classical texts and focused on persuasive techniques, largely centered on the speaker's ability to persuade an audience through logical argumentation (logos), emotional appeal (pathos), and ethical considerations (ethos).

Oracy refers to the ability to express oneself fluently and grammatically in spoken language. The term encompasses a range of skills related to speaking and listening, similar to how literacy pertains to reading and writing. Oracy involves not just the act of speaking, but also the capacity to engage in conversations, present ideas, argue positions, and communicate effectively in various contexts. The development of oracy skills is particularly important in educational settings, as they contribute to effective communication, collaboration, and critical thinking.

The "Panegyricus Messallae" is a work attributed to the Roman poet and orator, **Marcus Tullius Cicero**, specifically written in praise of **Messalla Corvinus**, a Roman statesman and general. The term "panegyric" refers to a public speech or published text in praise of someone or something, highlighting their virtues and accomplishments.

The "Parade of Horribles" refers to a concept often used in legal and political discourse, particularly in discussions of constitutional law or statutory interpretation. It involves presenting a series of exaggerated or absurd hypothetical consequences that could arise from a particular legal interpretation or decision, suggesting that these outcomes are undesirable or extreme. The idea is to illustrate the potential pitfalls or unintended consequences of a legal ruling by showcasing how it could lead to ridiculous or catastrophic results.

Paradiastole is a rhetorical term that refers to the technique of reinterpreting or redefining a negative quality or trait in a more favorable light. This rhetorical strategy involves presenting something typically seen as a flaw or vice as a virtue or positive characteristic through a change in context or perspective. For example, instead of labeling someone as insincere, one might describe them as being "diplomatic" or "carefully measured in their words.

Paraphrasing is the process of rewording or restating a piece of text or speech while preserving its original meaning. It involves altering the structure, vocabulary, and phrasing of the content without changing its essential message. Paraphrasing can be useful for clarifying information, avoiding plagiarism, or tailoring content for different audiences. It typically requires a good understanding of the original material to accurately convey the same ideas in a new way.

Parechesis is a rhetorical term used to describe a figure of speech in which a word is used in a way that it is not intended to refer to its literal meaning, often for the sake of introducing ambiguity or engaging an audience. It typically involves a form of pun or wordplay, where a word has more than one meaning or can be interpreted in multiple ways.

Parrhesia is a term that originates from ancient Greek, meaning "free speech" or "boldness of speech." It refers to the act of speaking candidly and openly, often about important or controversial topics, without fear of the consequences. The concept is closely associated with the idea of truth-telling and moral courage, where individuals express their thoughts and opinions honestly, even when it might be uncomfortable or risky to do so.

"Pars pro toto" is a Latin phrase that translates to "a part for the whole." It refers to a figure of speech or rhetorical device in which a part of something is used to represent the whole entity. This technique is often employed in literature, speech, and everyday language to create vivid imagery or to convey meaning more succinctly. For example, when someone refers to "the crown" to mean a monarchy or a king or queen, they are using "pars pro toto.

"Wooden iron" is a term that may cause some confusion because it appears to be a contradiction. Typically, "wood" refers to a natural material derived from trees, while "iron" is a metal that is strong and used in various constructions and tools.

In ring theory, which is a branch of abstract algebra, an **ideal** is a specific subset of a ring that has particular properties allowing it to be used in the construction of quotient rings and in the study of ring homomorphisms. ### Definition: Let \( R \) be a ring (with unity, but this requirement can be relaxed in some contexts).

A "pericope" is a term used primarily in biblical studies and literature to refer to a specific section or excerpt of a text, particularly from the Bible. The word comes from the Greek "perikopē," which means "a cutting out" or "a section." In the context of biblical studies, a pericope usually refers to a story, parable, or teaching that is read and interpreted as a distinct unit within Scripture.

A periodic sentence is a complex sentence structure in which the main clause or its predicate is withheld until the end. This construction builds suspense or interest by presenting subordinate clauses and phrases that provide context or information before revealing the main point. For example: "Although the storm raged outside and the winds howled fiercely, we remained safe and warm inside the house.

"Phaedrus" is one of the dialogues written by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. It features a conversation between Socrates and a young man named Phaedrus. The dialogue primarily explores themes such as love, rhetoric, the nature of the soul, and the pursuit of truth. In the text, Phaedrus recounts a speech he has heard from the famous orator Lysias, which argues that it is better to be loved than to love.

Phraseology is the study of set or fixed expressions, phrases, and idiomatic combinations of words in a language. It encompasses how these phrases are formed, their meanings, and their usage within various contexts. In linguistics, phraseology examines how word combinations convey meaning beyond the individual words, exploring aspects like collocations (words that frequently go together), idioms (expressions with meanings not deducible from their individual words), and proverbs.

"Plene scriptum" is a term from Latin that translates to "fully written" or "fully written out." In legal contexts, it is often used to describe a document that is complete and has been fully written without any omissions or gaps. This could relate to contracts, legal filings, or any other formal documentation that is intended to express all necessary terms and conditions in a clear and comprehensive manner.

In the context of module theory, a **torsion-free module** is a specific type of module over a ring that satisfies certain properties with respect to torsion elements.

Gidon Kremer is a renowned Latvian-born violinist and conductor, celebrated for his exceptional skills and contributions to classical music. Born on February 27, 1947, in Riga, Latvia, Kremer is known for his interpretations of both classical repertoire as well as contemporary compositions. He has been a significant figure in bringing modern works to the forefront and has collaborated with many distinguished composers and musicians throughout his career.

György Ligeti was a Hungarian composer known for his innovative and influential contributions to contemporary classical music. Born on May 28, 1923, in Dicsőszentmárton (now in Romania), Ligeti gained prominence in the mid-20th century and is celebrated for his unique compositional style, which often incorporated complex rhythms, unusual textures, and an exploration of sound itself.

Pleonasm is a rhetorical device that involves the use of more words than necessary to convey meaning, often resulting in redundancy. It occurs when a phrase includes unnecessary modifiers or repetitions that do not add to the meaning of the expression. For example, saying "free gift" is a pleonasm because a gift is inherently free. Other common examples include phrases like "true fact" or "ATM machine" (where "machine" is redundant, as "ATM" stands for Automatic Teller Machine).