Applied Physics A is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that focuses on research in applied physics and related fields. It covers a wide range of topics, including materials science, optics, condensed matter physics, and nanotechnology, among others. The journal aims to provide a platform for the dissemination of innovative research that bridges the gap between theoretical physics and practical applications. It typically publishes original research articles, reviews, and sometimes letters to the editor.

In the context of electrical grids, "contingency" refers to an unexpected event or failure that disrupts the normal operation of the grid. This could involve the loss of a major power generator, transmission line, transformer, or other critical components that support the electricity supply and distribution system. Contingency analysis is an essential part of grid planning and operation.

Entegrus Powerlines is an electricity distribution company based in Ontario, Canada. It is primarily responsible for delivering electricity to customers in its service area, which includes several communities in southwestern Ontario. The company manages the infrastructure necessary for the distribution of electrical power, including power lines, substations, and other electrical equipment. Entegrus Powerlines focuses on providing reliable electrical services to residential, commercial, and industrial customers.

Euroblock is a standardized modular system used primarily for electronic and electrical connections. It is commonly employed in applications such as industrial automation, instrumentation, and control systems. Euroblocks are often referred to as terminal blocks or connector strips and feature a design that allows for multiple connections in a compact space. These blocks usually have a series of screw terminals or spring-loaded connections where wires can be securely attached.

Field-induced polymer electroluminescent (FIPEL) technology refers to a type of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) that utilizes polymer materials to emit light when an electric field is applied. This technology is particularly noted for its potential applications in displays and lighting due to its ability to produce light in various colors and its relatively low manufacturing costs.

Inertial response refers to the behavior of a power system or an electrical device in response to changes in frequency due to disturbances, such as sudden changes in load or generation. In the context of power systems, it primarily refers to the ability of synchronous generators, like those found in traditional power plants, to provide immediate support to the grid following a frequency disturbance. When there is an imbalance between generation and consumption, the frequency of the electrical grid can change.

"Discoveries" is a work by Fumiaki Uto, a Japanese author and researcher. The specifics of the content or themes of "Discoveries" may vary depending on the particular focus of the work, which could involve scientific, philosophical, or literary explorations. Uto is known for addressing complex topics and presenting insights that encourage reflection and inquiry.

Inverter-based resources (IBRs) refer to renewable energy generation systems that use inverters to convert direct current (DC) electricity produced by sources like solar panels or wind turbines into alternating current (AC) electricity, which is used by most electrical grids and household appliances. Key characteristics of inverter-based resources include: 1. **Energy Sources**: IBRs typically include solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines, and battery storage systems.

The piezoelectric coefficient is a measure of the efficiency with which a material converts mechanical energy into electrical energy (and vice versa) through the piezoelectric effect. It quantifies the relationship between the mechanical stress applied to a piezoelectric material and the resulting electric charge (or voltage) generated.

The multipactor effect is a phenomenon that occurs in vacuum environments, typically in high-frequency electronic devices, such as satellites, microwave systems, and spacecraft. It involves the emission and multiplication of electrons within a gaseous or vacuum medium, leading to a cascade of continuous electron emission and potentially causing device failure.

Advanced Functional Materials is a multidisciplinary scientific journal that focuses on research in the field of materials science. It publishes high-quality articles covering a wide range of topics related to functional materials, which are materials designed to have specific properties and functionalities for various applications. These can include, but are not limited to, materials used in electronics, photonics, energy storage, nanotechnology, biomaterials, and environmental applications.

Mains hum, often referred to as "60 Hz hum" in the United States or "50 Hz hum" in many other countries, is an audible electrical noise that is typically associated with alternating current (AC) power supply systems. **Causes of Mains Hum:** 1. **Power Frequency:** The hum arises because of the frequency of the AC power supply. In the U.S.

Microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek used to first observe microorganisms.

The list of electrical phenomena encompasses various behaviors and effects that occur due to the presence and movement of electric charges. Here are some key electrical phenomena: 1. **Electric Charge**: The fundamental property of matter, which can be positive or negative, leading to the attraction or repulsion between particles. 2. **Electric Current**: The flow of electric charge, typically measured in amperes (A). This can occur in materials that conduct electricity (like metals) or in electrolytes.

Lightning activity levels are classifications or scales used to describe the frequency and intensity of lightning strikes in a particular area over a specific period. These activity levels can help meteorologists and researchers understand and predict thunderstorms and severe weather. Lightning activity levels can vary based on different factors, including: 1. **Frequency**: The number of lightning strikes within a given area over a defined time frame. 2. **Intensity**: The strength or energy of the lightning, which can affect the damage it may cause.