The copper-copper(II) sulfate electrode is a type of reference electrode commonly used in electrochemistry. It consists of a copper metal electrode immersed in a saturated solution of copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄). This electrode is popular because it provides a stable and reproducible electrochemical potential, making it useful in various applications, including corrosion studies and as a reference in potentiometric measurements.
In informal contexts, it usually refers to the phase of ice observed in atmospheric pressure, Ice Ih.
Corrosion Science is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the study of corrosion, which is the deterioration of materials—typically metals—due to chemical reactions with their environment. This degradation can result from various factors, such as moisture, oxygen, salts, acids, and other corrosive agents. The primary goal of corrosion science is to understand the mechanisms that drive these processes, to develop methods for preventing or mitigating corrosion, and to create materials that are more resistant to corrosion.
A corrosion loop, often referred to in the context of industrial processes and systems, is a setup used to study and manage corrosion in materials, particularly metals. The term can encompass various configurations, usually designed to simulate conditions in which corrosion might occur in real-world applications, such as pipelines, heat exchangers, or chemical processing equipment. ### Key Aspects of Corrosion Loops: 1. **Simulated Environment**: Corrosion loops typically mimic operational conditions found in specific industrial processes.
The Debye–Falkenhagen effect refers to a phenomenon in electrochemistry and colloidal science, specifically relating to the behavior of charged particles in an electrolyte solution under an applied electric field. When an alternating electric field is applied to an ionic solution, the distribution of ions around a charged surface (like that of a colloid) can be influenced in such a way that it affects the conductivity and dielectric properties of the solution.
Differential capacitance refers to the change in capacitance with respect to a change in voltage across a capacitor. It is a measure of how sensitive the capacitance of a capacitor is to alterations in the voltage.
Electrocapillarity refers to the phenomenon where an electric field influences the behavior of liquids in capillary spaces, which are typically narrow channels or pores. This effect is closely related to electrokinetic phenomena and is particularly significant in systems involving charged surfaces and electrolytes. When an electric field is applied across a liquid in a capillary tube, it can lead to changes in the liquid's wetting properties, surface tension, and flow dynamics.
x86 Paging Tutorial How the K-ary tree is used in x86 by
Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16 +Created 1970-01-01
Addresses are now split as:
| directory (10 bits) | table (10 bits) | offset (12 bits) |
Then:
- The top table is called a "directory of page tables".
cr3
now points to the location on RAM of the page directory of the current process instead of page tables.Page directory entries are very similar to page table entries except that they point to the physical addresses of page tables instead of physical addresses of pages.Each directory entry also takes up 4 bytes, just like page entries, so that makes 4 KiB per process minimum.Page directory entries also contain a valid flag: if invalid, the OS does not allocate a page table for that entry, and saves memory.Each process has one and only one page directory associated to it (and pointed to bycr3
), so it will contain at least2^10 = 1K
page directory entries, much better than the minimum 1M entries required on a single-level scheme. - Second level entries are also called page tables like the single level scheme.Each page table has only
2^10 = 1K
page table entries instead of2^20
for the single paging scheme. - the offset is again not used for translation, it only gives the offset within a page
One reason for using 10 bits on the first two levels (and not, say,
12 | 8 | 12
) is that each Page Table entry is 4 bytes long. Then the 2^10 entries of Page directories and Page Tables will fit nicely into 4Kb pages. This means that it faster and simpler to allocate and deallocate pages for that purpose.The Dynamic Hydrogen Electrode (DHE) is a reference electrode used in electrochemical measurements, particularly in studies involving pH, redox potentials, and other electrochemical properties. It is based on the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) but incorporates dynamic conditions that allow for more accurate measurements in varying chemical environments. Key features of the DHE include: 1. **Hydrogen Generation and Consumption**: The DHE operates by generating and consuming hydrogen gas dynamically.
Implosion-type fission weapons are more complicated than gun-type fission weapon because you have to precisely coordinate the detonation of a bunch of explosives.
The non-regular version of the hypercube.
Pinned article: ourbigbook/introduction-to-the-ourbigbook-project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. - Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact