Uranium emits them, you can see their mass to charge ratio under magnetic field and so deduce that they are electrons.

Caused by weak interaction TODO why/how.

The emitted electron kinetic energy is random from zero to a maximum value. The rest goes into a neutrino. This is how the neutrino was first discovered/observed indirectly. This is well illustrated in a decay scheme such as Figure "caesium-137 decay scheme".

Most commonly known as a byproduct radioactive decay.

Their energy is very high compared example to more common radiation such as visible spectrum, and there is a neat reason for that: it's because the strong force that binds nuclei is strong so transitions lead to large energy changes.

A decay scheme such as Figure "caesium-137 decay scheme" illustrates well how gamma radiation happens as a byproduct of radioactive decay due to the existence of nuclear isomer.

Gamma rays are pretty cool as they give us insight into the energy levels/different configurations of the nucleus.

They have also been used as early sources of high energy particles for particle physics experiments before the development of particle accelerators, serving a similar purpose to cosmic rays in those early days.

But gamma rays they were more convenient in some cases because you could more easily manage them inside a laboratory rather than have to go climb some bloody mountain or a balloon.

The positron for example was first observed on cosmic rays, but better confirmed in gamma ray experiments by Carl David Anderson.

Example: Figure "caesium-137 decay scheme"

The half-life of radioactive decay, which as discovered a few years before quantum mechanics was discovered and matured, was a major mystery. Why do some nuclei fission in apparently random fashion, while others don't? How is the state of different nuclei different from one another? This is mentioned in Inward Bound by Abraham Pais (1988) Chapter 6.e Why a half-life?

The term also sees use in other areas, notably biology, where e.g. RNAs spontaneously decay as part of the cell's control system, see e.g. mentions in E. Coli Whole Cell Model by Covert Lab.

Ah, the choice of name, both grim and slightly funny, Dr. Strangelove comes to mind quite strongly. Also Fallout (franchise).

Bibliography:

Ciro Santilli once visited the chemistry department of a world leading university, and the chemists there were obsessed with NMR. They had small benchtop NMR machines. They had larger machines. They had a room full of huge machines. They had them in corridors and on desk tops. Chemists really love that stuff. More precisely, these are used for NMR spectroscopy, which helps identify what a sample is made of.

Basically measures the concentration of certain isotopes in a region of space.

The equation is simple: frequency is proportional to field strength!

Mathematics in the United Kingdom encompasses a broad range of activities, including education, research, and applications across various fields. Here’s an overview of its key aspects: ### 1. **Education System:** - **Curriculum**: Mathematics is a core subject in the UK education system. Students usually begin learning mathematics at an early age, and it continues to be a mandatory subject through secondary education (ages 5-16).

Mathematics in the United States encompasses a wide range of topics, practices, and educational frameworks that reflect both the discipline itself and its application within various contexts. Here are some key points about mathematics in the U.S.: ### 1. **Educational Framework** - **K-12 Education**: Mathematics is a core subject in the U.S. education system, starting from elementary school through high school.

A Banach space is a complete normed vector space, meaning that it is a vector space equipped with a norm such that every Cauchy sequence in the space converges to an element within the space. Here’s a list of some important examples and types of Banach spaces: 1. **Finite-Dimensional Banach Spaces** - Any finite-dimensional normed vector space is a Banach space.

Ciro Santilli is mildly obsessed by nuclear reactions, because they are so quirky. How can a little ball destroy a city? How can putting too much of it together produce criticality and kill people like in the Slotin accident or the Tokaimura criticality accident. It is mind blowing really.

Uranium vs plutonium: Section "Uranium vs plutonium Quora answer by Ciro Santilli".

More fun nuclear stuff to watch:

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Fourier analysis is a vast and rich field in mathematics that studies the representation of functions as sums of sinusoidal components and the study of the properties of these representations.

Wenninger polyhedra are a class of convex polyhedra that were studied and categorized by mathematician Alfred Wenninger. They are particularly notable for their unique geometric properties and can be constructed from various symmetrical configurations. Wenninger's work primarily focused on polyhedra that possess a high degree of symmetry, including those that are derived from regular polyhedra and those that exhibit complex topological features.