Faraday efficiency, often referred to as Faradaic efficiency, is a measure of how effectively an electrochemical reaction converts electric charge into chemical products. It quantifies the fraction of charge that results in the desired electrochemical reaction compared to the total charge passed through the system.

Halorespiration is a type of anaerobic respiration in which certain microorganisms utilize halogenated organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors instead of oxygen. This process is significant in bioremediation, particularly in the breakdown of environmental pollutants such as chlorinated solvents, which are commonly found in industrial waste. During halorespiration, microbes metabolize compounds like trichloroethylene (TCE) or tetrachloroethylene (PCE) by reducing them to less harmful substances.

Norman Hackerman is primarily known as an American chemist and educator, especially recognized for his contributions to the field of electrochemistry. He served as the president of the University of Texas at Austin and had a significant impact on academic leadership and research in chemistry during his career. In addition to his academic work, Hackerman is noted for his involvement in various scientific organizations and has received numerous awards and honors for his contributions to science.

A pH meter is an electronic device used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Values below 7 indicate acidic solutions, while values above 7 indicate alkaline (basic) solutions. Key components of a pH meter include: 1. **Glass Electrode**: This is the primary sensing element that measures the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution.

Photovoltaics (PV) is a technology that converts light energy, primarily from the sun, directly into electricity using semiconductor materials. The most common application of photovoltaics is solar panels, which are widely used for residential, commercial, and utility-scale power generation. The basic principle of photovoltaics involves the photovoltaic effect, which occurs when photons (light particles) hit a semiconductor material, typically silicon, causing electrons to be knocked loose and generate an electric current.

The virtual breakdown mechanism is a concept often discussed in the context of dielectric materials and electrical insulation. It refers to a phenomenon where, under certain high electric fields, a material that is normally considered an insulator begins to conduct electricity, but not in the traditional sense of breakdown where there is a catastrophic failure of the material. In a virtual breakdown scenario, the electric field is strong enough to create conditions where electrons can be temporarily excited to higher energy levels, allowing them to move through the material.

Electroencephalographers are healthcare professionals who specialize in performing electroencephalography (EEG) tests. EEG is a non-invasive diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp. Electroencephalographers are responsible for positioning electrodes, following standardized procedures to record brain activity, and ensuring that the EEG recordings are accurate and of high quality.

Bereitschaftspotential, also known as readiness potential, is a gradual increase in electrical activity in the brain that occurs before a voluntary movement. This phenomenon is measured using electroencephalography (EEG) and typically starts to emerge several hundred milliseconds before a person becomes consciously aware of the intention to move. The readiness potential is believed to reflect the preparatory processes involved in planning and initiating movement.

EEGLAB is an open-source MATLAB toolbox designed for the analysis of electrophysiological data, particularly electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Developed by the Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience at the University of California, San Diego, EEGLAB provides a comprehensive environment for visualizing, processing, and analyzing EEG data.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are measured brain responses that are directly the result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event. They are obtained through electroencephalography (EEG), which records electrical activity in the brain via electrodes placed on the scalp. ERPs reflect the time-locked brain activity following the presentation of a stimulus, such as visual or auditory information, and can be used to study a variety of cognitive processes, including perception, attention, memory, and decision-making.

Evoked potentials (EPs) are electrical responses generated by the nervous system in response to specific sensory stimuli. These responses can be measured through electrodes placed on the scalp (in the case of brain responses) or on other parts of the body (for peripheral responses). Evoked potentials are commonly used in clinical settings to assess the functional integrity of sensory pathways in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is a technique used during surgical procedures to monitor the functional integrity of neural structures in real-time. This approach is particularly valuable in surgeries that involve the nervous system, such as spinal surgeries, brain surgeries, and procedures that might risk damaging critical neural pathways.

The N200 (or N2) is an event-related potential (ERP) component observed in electroencephalography (EEG) studies, commonly associated with cognitive processes such as attention, conflict monitoring, and stimulus evaluation. It typically occurs around 200 milliseconds after the presentation of a stimulus. The N200 is often studied in the context of tasks that require participants to differentiate between relevant and irrelevant stimuli or to respond to unexpected changes.

OpenBCI (Open Brain-Computer Interface) is an open-source platform designed for building brain-computer interface (BCI) devices that allow for the collection and analysis of neurological data. The platform aims to make BCI technology accessible to researchers, developers, and hobbyists interested in neuroscience and interactive technologies.

A magnetic particle clutch is a type of clutch that uses magnetic particles suspended in a fluid to engage and disengage its operation. This technology allows for smooth control of torque transmission and is often used in applications requiring variable speed and torque control. ### Key Features and Operation: 1. **Working Principle**: The clutch consists of two main components: a driving member and a driven member.

PGO waves, or Ponto-Geniculo-Occipital waves, are brain activity patterns that are observed during sleep, particularly in the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep phase. They are primarily recorded through electroencephalography (EEG) and are characterized by bursts of rhythmic activity in the brain. These waves are thought to play a role in the process of visual processing and the generation of dreams.

Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) is an advanced technique that involves the analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) data using quantitative methods. EEG is a neurophysiological monitoring method that measures electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp. While traditional EEG provides a visual representation of brain activity over time, qEEG applies statistical and mathematical techniques to analyze the EEG signals more rigorously.

Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) is a type of brainwave activity that is typically associated with states of relaxed alertness and focused attention. It is primarily recorded in the frequency range of 12 to 15 Hz using electroencephalography (EEG), and is most prominently observed over the central and parietal regions of the brain. SMR is often linked to the maintenance of a calm and attentive state while reducing unnecessary movement and sensory interference.

Theta waves are a type of brain wave that are typically characterized by a frequency range of 4 to 8 hertz (Hz). They are part of the broader spectrum of brain wave activity, which includes delta waves, alpha waves, beta waves, and gamma waves, with each category associated with different mental states and cognitive functions.

An electromagnetic brake is a type of braking system that utilizes electromagnetic forces to stop or slow down a moving object, such as a vehicle or machinery. This technology is commonly found in various applications, including trains, industrial equipment, and electric vehicles. ### Key Features of Electromagnetic Brakes: 1. **Operation Principle**: Electromagnetic brakes work by generating a magnetic field when an electric current passes through a coil.