Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is a phenomenon that occurs when vortices are shed from a structure, typically a cylindrical object, in a fluid flow, generating alternating forces on the structure. This interaction can result in oscillations or vibrations of the structure perpendicular to the flow direction. VIV is particularly relevant in engineering fields such as offshore structures, bridges, and marine risers, where cylindrical elements are exposed to fluid currents.

Phase velocity is a concept in wave theory that describes the speed at which a particular phase of a wave propagates through space.

Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) is a signal processing method used primarily for estimating the parameters of signals, particularly in the context of direction of arrival (DOA) estimation in array processing. This technique exploits the property of rotational invariance in the signal covariance matrix, allowing for efficient estimation even in scenarios with noise and other distortions.

Longitudinal mode refers to a specific mode of oscillation in which the oscillations occur in the same direction as the propagation of a wave. This term is frequently used in the context of waves in fluids and solids, including sound waves, where particles of the medium vibrate back and forth in the same direction as the wave travels. In more technical applications, particularly in optics and laser physics, longitudinal modes can refer to the standing wave patterns formed within a resonant cavity (like a laser).

Ion acoustic waves are a type of sound wave that propagates in a plasma or ionized gas. These waves are characterized by the oscillation of ions and electrons in the medium, and they combine properties of both acoustic waves (which are typically sound waves in fluids) and plasma dynamics. ### Key Features: 1. **Propagation Mechanism**: In ion acoustic waves, the oscillations are primarily due to the motion of ions, while the electrons respond to these oscillations.

Weather prediction, also known as weather forecasting, is the process of estimating the state of the atmosphere at a specific location and time in the future based on meteorological data and models. It involves the analysis of various atmospheric elements such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and atmospheric pressure. The process typically includes: 1. **Data Collection**: Meteorologists gather data from a variety of sources, including weather stations, satellites, radar systems, and weather buoys.

Native Girls Code is an initiative aimed at empowering Native American girls and women through education in coding and technology. It focuses on bridging the digital divide and promoting STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) skills among Indigenous youth. The program often includes workshops, mentorship, and resources designed to inspire and prepare participants for careers in tech and related fields.

Pixelles is a community-driven organization that focuses on supporting and promoting women in the game development industry. Founded in 2014 in Montreal, Canada, Pixelles aims to empower women by providing resources, mentorship, workshops, and networking opportunities. They strive to create an inclusive environment for women to learn, share their experiences, and build their skills in game design and development.

Al-Zarqali, also known as Azarquiel, was a prominent 11th-century astronomer, mathematician, and instrument maker from Al-Andalus, which is present-day Spain. He is best known for his contributions to astronomy, particularly for his work on the astrolabe and for creating astronomical tables that were highly regarded in both the Islamic world and Europe.

Garlandus Compotista, often referred to simply as Compotista, is a historical figure believed to have been a 13th-century scholar or cleric. He is notably associated with the early development of mathematical texts related to astronomy and the calculation of time, particularly calendar systems and the management of timekeeping.

Black Girls Code is a nonprofit organization founded in 2011 by Kimberly Bryant. The organization is dedicated to increasing the number of women of color in the fields of technology and computer programming. Its mission is to provide young African American girls with opportunities and resources to learn coding and technology skills, empowering them to become innovators and leaders in the tech industry. Black Girls Code hosts workshops, classes, and events that teach coding and related skills in a supportive and encouraging environment.

The Center for Women in Technology (CWIT) is an initiative typically affiliated with universities that aims to support and promote the advancement of women in technology fields. The center often focuses on issues such as increasing the representation of women in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), providing resources and mentorship, fostering a sense of community, and addressing challenges women may face in these areas.

Girls Who Code is a nonprofit organization aimed at closing the gender gap in technology and computer science fields. Founded in 2012 by Reshma Saujani, the organization focuses on providing education, resources, and opportunities for girls to learn coding and computer science skills. Girls Who Code offers a variety of programs, including: 1. **Summer Immersion Program**: A free, seven-week program for high school girls that teaches coding and computer science skills through hands-on projects and mentorship.

Al-Battani, also known as Albategnius, was a notable Arab astronomer, mathematician, and astronomer who lived from approximately 858 to 929 CE. He is best known for his contributions to astronomy, including his improvements to trigonometry and his work in calculating the length of the solar year. Al-Battani performed detailed observations of the stars and planets, and he made significant advances in the understanding of celestial mechanics.

Notker Labeo, also known as Notker of St. Gall, was a Benedictine monk, theologian, and scholar who lived in the 9th century (around 840–912 AD). He is most well-known for his contributions to the development of Latin literary culture during the Carolingian Renaissance, particularly through his works on grammar, rhetoric, and poetry.

Women'sNet is an organization that focuses on supporting women entrepreneurs and professionals through various initiatives, resources, and programs. Although different regions may have their own iterations of Women'sNet, the core mission typically revolves around empowering women, providing networking opportunities, and facilitating access to funding and mentorship. One of the notable initiatives associated with Women'sNet in South Africa is the Women'sNet's "Grants for Women" program, which aims to provide funding for women-led projects, businesses, or initiatives.