The science and engineering of light!

When dealing more specifically with individual photons, we usually call it photonics.

The inverse of the magnetic flux quantum.

The most practical/precise volt standard.

It motivated the definition of the ampere in the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units

Good NIST articles about it: (archive)

The wiki page en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephson_voltage_standard contains amazing schematics of the device, apparently made by the US Government.

Inward Bound by Abraham Pais (1988) page 282 shows how this can be generalized from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution

Mentioned at: Video "Quantum Computing with Light by Quantum Light University of Sheffield (2015)" youtu.be/nyK-vhoOBpE?t=185.

Cooperativeness refers to the willingness and ability of individuals to work together with others to achieve common goals or objectives. It involves being open to collaboration, showing consideration for others' needs and perspectives, and actively contributing to group efforts. Key aspects of cooperativeness include: 1. **Communication**: Effective communication is crucial for understanding and addressing the needs of the group. 2. **Flexibility**: Cooperative individuals are often adaptable, willing to compromise, and able to handle differing opinions.

The "culture of honor" refers to a social and cultural framework that emphasizes the importance of personal reputation, respect, and the defense of one's honor, often seen in the Southern United States. This concept has its roots in the historical context of the region, particularly influenced by a combination of factors including the legacy of herding economies, the social dynamics of the early settlers, and the legacy of feuds and violent conflict that shaped community life.

Moral injury refers to the psychological, emotional, or spiritual harm that occurs when individuals violate their own moral or ethical beliefs, often in situations where they feel they cannot act in accordance with their values. It is commonly discussed in contexts such as military combat, healthcare, and other high-stress professions where individuals may be faced with morally challenging decisions.

The evolution of morality refers to the development of human moral frameworks and ethical reasoning over time, both in individuals and societies. This concept can be examined from various perspectives, including biological, psychological, sociocultural, and philosophical angles. Here are some key aspects of the evolution of morality: 1. **Biological Perspective**: - Evolutionary biologists suggest that moral behaviors have roots in the social behaviors of our ancestors.

The Heinz dilemma is a moral problem that was introduced by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg as part of his theory of moral development. The dilemma is presented as a scenario involving a man named Heinz whose wife is suffering from a terminal illness. The only way to save her is to obtain a drug that is very expensive, and the druggist who developed it is charging more than Heinz can afford.

Kindness is the quality of being considerate, compassionate, and helpful towards others. It involves actions and attitudes that promote goodwill, empathy, and understanding. Kindness can manifest in various forms, including small gestures, such as offering a smile or compliment, and larger acts, such as volunteering time or resources to help those in need. At its core, kindness fosters positive relationships and can create a sense of community and belonging.