Biaxial nematic is a phase of liquid crystals that exhibits a unique ordering of their molecules. In standard nematic liquid crystals, the molecules are oriented primarily along a single axis (the director), exhibiting long-range order in one dimension but lacking positional order. In the case of biaxial nematics, the ordering is more complex.

Gene Wiki is an initiative aimed at creating a comprehensive, collaborative resource for information about genes and their functions. It is part of a larger trend in scientific communication that leverages the principles of wikis to allow scientists, researchers, and the public to contribute to, edit, and improve the information available on genes. This platform collects data on gene sequences, functions, associated diseases, and interactions, often pulling from various databases and publications to provide a centralized reference.

BIFF, in the context of Usenet, refers to a method used to notify users when new messages are available in a newsgroup. It is an abbreviation for "Best Information for Finding Friends." BIFF leverages an underlying connection to a Usenet server to inform subscribers of new posts, helping to reduce the need for users to manually check for updates.

The bilinear transform is a mathematical technique used in the field of signal processing, control systems, and digital filter design. It is a specific mapping used to convert continuous-time systems (typically represented in the s-domain) into discrete-time systems (typically represented in the z-domain) while preserving certain properties of the system, such as stability and frequency response.

Biodistribution refers to the distribution of substances, such as drugs, nutrients, or other compounds, within biological organisms. It typically involves studying how these substances spread through various tissues and organs after administration, influencing their effectiveness and safety. Biodistribution studies are essential in pharmacology and drug development, as they help researchers determine: 1. **Absorption**: How a substance enters the bloodstream.

Productive nanosystems refer to advanced systems and technologies that use nanotechnology to create, manipulate, or assemble materials and devices at the nanoscale level (typically within the range of 1 to 100 nanometers). These nanosystems are designed to enhance production processes, improve efficiency, and enable new capabilities in various fields, including manufacturing, materials science, medicine, and energy.

Geodesic curvature is a concept from differential geometry that pertains to the curvature of curves on surfaces. More specifically, it measures how much a given curve deviates from being a geodesic on a surface. To understand geodesic curvature, it's helpful to first define some basic terms: 1. **Geodesic**: A geodesic is the shortest path between two points on a surface. On a flat surface, geodesics are straight lines.

"Biomaterials" is a scientific journal that focuses on the field of biomaterials science, which encompasses the study and application of materials that interact with biological systems. The journal typically publishes original research articles, reviews, and short communications on various aspects of biomaterials, including their design, synthesis, characterization, biocompatibility, and applications in medical and biological settings.

Bio-MEMS, or Biological Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, refers to a subset of MEMS technology focused on applications in the biological and medical fields. MEMS technology involves the integration of mechanical and electrical components at the microscale, typically in the range of micrometers to millimeters. Bio-MEMS systems are designed to perform various functions, such as sensing, actuating, transporting fluids, or performing analyses in biological and medical contexts.

The Professor of Statistical Science at the University of Cambridge is a prestigious academic position focused on the field of statistics and its applications. This role typically involves conducting high-level research, teaching courses related to statistics and data analysis, mentoring students, and contributing to the academic community. The professor may also engage in interdisciplinary collaboration with other departments, given the relevance of statistical methods across various fields such as biology, social sciences, engineering, and more.

Bitemporal modeling is a data management concept that allows the representation and tracking of changes to data over two different time dimensions: valid time and transaction time. 1. **Valid Time**: This refers to the time period during which a fact is true in the real world. For example, if a person's address changes, the valid time would capture the duration during which each address was valid. 2. **Transaction Time**: This reflects the time period during which a fact is stored in the database.

Computational humor refers to the field of study and application that involves the use of algorithms, artificial intelligence, and computational techniques to understand, generate, and analyze humor. This interdisciplinary area typically combines insights from computer science, linguistics, psychology, and cognitive science to explore how humor works and how it can be replicated or simulated by machines. Here are some key aspects of computational humor: 1. **Humor Generation**: This involves creating algorithms that can generate jokes, puns, or humorous content.

Computational photography refers to a combination of hardware and software techniques that enhance and manipulate images beyond what traditional photography can achieve. It harnesses computational power to improve image quality, overcome limitations of camera hardware, and create effects that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to achieve through conventional means. Key aspects of computational photography include: 1. **Image Processing:** Advanced algorithms can be applied to enhance details, adjust lighting, and correct colors after a photo is taken.

Computer chess competitions are events where chess engines, or computer programs designed to play chess, compete against each other or against human players. These competitions can take various forms, including: 1. **Engine Tournaments**: Specialized events where different chess engines compete against each other in a series of matches. Performance is often measured based on points scored (wins, losses, draws) in a round-robin or knockout format.

Infographics are visual representations of information, data, or knowledge designed to present complex information quickly and clearly. They often combine text, images, charts, and graphs to convey their message effectively. Infographics are used in various fields, including education, marketing, data analysis, and journalism, as they help to simplify complex concepts, make data more accessible, and improve engagement by appealing to visual learners.

Project Brass Ring is an initiative by the United States Air Force aimed at developing and implementing advanced capabilities in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for various aspects of military operations. The project focuses on enhancing decision-making processes, optimizing logistics, and improving operational efficiency through the application of these technologies.

The "chilling requirement" generally refers to a legal standard applied in U.S. constitutional law, particularly regarding the free speech protections under the First Amendment. It is often used to describe a situation in which a law or regulation may be deemed unconstitutional if it has a chilling effect on individuals engaging in protected speech. A chilling effect occurs when individuals refrain from exercising their rights, such as free speech, due to fear of legal repercussions or punitive actions.

"Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines" typically refers to the use of computational methods and algorithms to determine the equation of state (EOS) for materials, especially in the context of thermodynamics and material science. The equation of state is a mathematical model that describes the relationship between state variables such as pressure, volume, and temperature for a given substance. **Key Points to Understand:** 1.

The Facility Location Problem (FLP) is a classic optimization problem in operations research and logistics. It involves determining the optimal locations for facilities (such as warehouses, factories, or service centers) in order to minimize costs while also satisfying certain constraints and meeting the demand of customers. ### Key Components of the Facility Location Problem: 1. **Facilities**: These are the points where goods or services are produced or stored. The decision involves selecting which potential locations to open.

Bletchley Park is a historic site located in Milton Keynes, England, known primarily for its role during World War II as the British government's codebreaking center. It was the location where the Government Code and Cypher School operated, and it played a crucial role in deciphering the encrypted communications of the Axis powers, particularly those of Nazi Germany.