FileVault is a disk encryption program available on macOS that is designed to protect your data by encrypting the entire startup disk of your Mac. By using FileVault, users can secure everything stored on their drive, including system files, applications, documents, and personal data, making it more difficult for unauthorized users to access the information.
GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG or GPG) is a free and open-source software application that allows users to encrypt and sign their data and communications. It complies with the OpenPGP standard (RFC 4880), which is widely used for secure data encryption. GnuPG provides a way to secure files, emails, and other communications through the use of cryptographic techniques such as symmetric and asymmetric encryption.
Formal semantics in the context of Moscow, as well as in general, refers to a branch of linguistics and philosophy that seeks to provide formal definitions and frameworks for understanding meaning in language. In Moscow, there has been significant work in formal semantics largely influenced by scholars associated with the Russian school of thought in linguistics, such as the Moscow Linguistic Circle.
Givenness is a concept that can be interpreted in various contexts, including linguistics, philosophy, and cognitive science. Here’s a brief overview of how it is understood in different domains: 1. **Linguistics**: In linguistics, givenness refers to the status of information in a conversation or discourse. It often relates to how certain information is presupposed or taken for granted by participants in a dialogue.
Grounding in communication refers to the process by which communicators establish a shared understanding of the information being exchanged. It involves ensuring that all parties in a conversation have a common basis of knowledge or context, which helps facilitate effective interaction. Key aspects of grounding include: 1. **Common Knowledge**: Understanding what both parties already know and building upon that shared knowledge. This can involve checking if the other person is familiar with specific terms, concepts, or background information.
Language intensity refers to the strength or degree of emotion conveyed through language. It involves the use of specific words, phrases, and rhetorical devices that amplify feelings or emphasize a point. Language intensity can manifest in various forms, including: 1. **Word Choice**: The selection of powerful or emotive words can enhance intensity. For instance, using "devastated" instead of "sad" conveys a stronger feeling.
Moore's paradox refers to a specific philosophical problem concerning self-contradictory statements about belief and knowledge. Named after the philosopher G.E. Moore, it typically describes situations in which a person makes an assertion that is logically consistent but epistemically incoherent.
A phonestheme is a specific sound or phonetic pattern that carries a particular meaning or connotation in a language. Unlike a morpheme, which is a meaningful unit of language that can be a word or part of a word, a phonestheme is not inherently a word but rather a sound that frequently appears in words associated with a certain semantic field or concept.
Relevance Theory is a cognitive science theory primarily developed by cognitive scientists Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in the late 20th century. The theory is primarily concerned with human communication and the processes of understanding and inference that occur during it. It posits that human cognition is geared toward maximizing relevance, meaning that people are naturally inclined to seek information that is both new and useful.
In linguistics, "stance" refers to the position or attitude that a speaker takes in relation to the content of their utterance, the audience, or the broader context in which communication occurs. It encompasses the speaker’s evaluation, emotion, or commitment towards the proposition being expressed. Stance can be categorized into several types, including: 1. **Epistemic stance**: This relates to the degree of certainty or belief a speaker has regarding the information being conveyed.
The T–V distinction refers to the use of different forms of address in various languages to convey levels of formality, familiarity, or social hierarchy between speakers. The distinction is named after the Latin words "tu" (informal "you") and "vous" (formal "you"). In many languages, including French, German, Spanish, and Russian, there are distinct pronouns or forms of address that indicate whether the relationship between speakers is formal or informal.
"Masterpiece" can refer to several different concepts depending on the context: 1. **Art**: In the realm of art, a masterpiece is a work of outstanding artistry, skill, or workmanship. It is often considered the pinnacle of an artist’s career and is highly valued for its creativity, excellence, and impact.
Symbolism is a literary and artistic movement or technique in which symbols are used to represent ideas, emotions, or concepts beyond their literal meaning. In literature, symbolism involves the use of objects, characters, figures, or colors to convey deeper meanings and evoke emotions in the reader. For example, a rose might symbolize love, while a storm could represent turmoil or conflict. In a broader sense, symbolism can also refer to any use of symbols in various forms of communication to convey meanings and ideas.
An "actant" is a term used in various fields, including semiotics, narrative theory, and actor-network theory. The meaning can vary depending on the context: 1. **Narrative Theory:** In this context, an actant refers to any entity that participates in a narrative, including characters, objects, or even abstract forces. Actants are often classified into roles such as the protagonist, antagonist, helper, or villain.
Articulatory gestures refer to the movements and positions of the speech organs—such as the tongue, lips, jaw, and velum—during the production of speech sounds. They are the physical actions involved in articulating phonemes, the distinct units of sound in a language. In phonetics, these gestures are crucial for understanding how speech is produced and perceived.
In general, the term "character" can refer to several different concepts, but in the context of symbols, it typically means: 1. **Character in Writing**: A character is a written symbol used to represent a speech sound or a concept in a written language. This includes alphabetic letters (such as 'A', 'B', 'C'), numerals (like '1', '2', '3'), punctuation marks (e.g., '.', ',', '?
In semiotics, which is the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation, connotation refers to the associative meanings and emotional implications that a sign carries beyond its literal or denotative meaning. While denotation is the explicit or direct meaning of a sign (like a word or image), connotation encompasses the cultural, emotional, and personal associations that people may have with that sign. For example, the word "home" denotatively refers to a physical place where someone lives.
A cultural trait is a specific characteristic, behavior, belief, value, or practice that is common to a particular culture or social group. Cultural traits can encompass a wide range of elements, including language, rituals, customs, traditions, social norms, art, and technological practices. Cultural traits are essential for defining the identity of a culture and can manifest in various forms, such as: 1. **Language**: The specific languages or dialects spoken within a culture.
Diagrammatic reasoning refers to the use of diagrams or visual representations to think through problems, formulate solutions, and communicate ideas or concepts. This reasoning style employs visual elements to organize information, highlight relationships, and facilitate problem-solving processes. It is often used in fields such as mathematics, computer science, engineering, and various branches of science, where complex information can be more easily understood through visualization.
Optimal instruments can refer to various concepts depending on the context in which the term is used. Here are a few interpretations: 1. **Economics and Finance**: In the context of economics or finance, "optimal instruments" might refer to financial tools or instruments that are most effective in achieving a specific goal, such as maximizing returns, minimizing risk, or optimizing a portfolio.
Pinned article: ourbigbook/introduction-to-the-ourbigbook-project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. - Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact