Lebanese physicists are individuals from Lebanon who specialize in the field of physics, contributing to various areas of research and academia. Lebanon has a number of universities and research institutions where physicists study, teach, and conduct research. Lebanese physicists have made contributions in various subfields, including theoretical physics, experimental physics, astrophysics, condensed matter physics, and nuclear physics.

"Palestinian physicists" refers to individuals from Palestine who specialize in the field of physics. They may work in various subfields such as theoretical physics, experimental physics, condensed matter physics, astrophysics, or particle physics, among others. The community of Palestinian physicists may include those working in universities, research institutions, and other scientific organizations, both within the Palestinian territories and abroad.

The term "Sudanese physicists" typically refers to individuals from Sudan who work or specialize in the field of physics. Sudan has a history of contributing to various fields of science, including physics, through its universities and research institutions. Sudanese physicists may engage in a wide range of areas within physics, such as theoretical physics, experimental physics, astrophysics, and applied physics, among others.

The term "Egyptian physicists" generally refers to physicists from Egypt or those who have conducted significant work in the field of physics while associated with Egypt. Egypt has a rich history of contributions to science, including physics, dating back to ancient times with advancements in various fields. In the contemporary context, several Egyptian physicists have made notable contributions to various areas of physics, including theoretical physics, particle physics, condensed matter physics, and astrophysics.

"Iraqi physicists" generally refers to scientists and researchers from Iraq who specialize in the field of physics. Iraq has a history of notable physicists and contributions to various areas of physical science, even amidst challenges and conflicts. These scientists work in a variety of subfields, including theoretical physics, experimental physics, nuclear physics, and more. The Iraqi scientific community has faced significant challenges due to war, sanctions, and instability, which have affected education and research opportunities.

In graph theory, a **neighbourhood** typically refers to the set of vertices that are directly adjacent (or connected) to a given vertex in a graph.

A financial security system refers to a set of policies, regulations, and safety measures designed to protect individuals, businesses, and the overall economy from financial fraud, theft, and other risks. It encompasses various components including regulatory frameworks, insurance policies, risk management practices, and technological safeguards aimed at ensuring the integrity and stability of financial transactions and institutions.

Binary arithmetic is a type of arithmetic that operates on binary numbers, which are numbers expressed in the base-2 numeral system. In binary, only two digits are used, 0 and 1, as opposed to the decimal system, which uses ten digits (0-9). ### Basic Binary Operations There are several fundamental operations in binary arithmetic similar to decimal arithmetic, including: 1. **Addition**: - The rules for binary addition are similar to those for decimal addition.

Elementary arithmetic is the branch of mathematics that deals with the basic operations of numbers. It forms the foundation for all other areas of mathematics and is typically taught in early education. The main operations of elementary arithmetic include: 1. **Addition**: Combining two or more numbers to get a total (sum). For example, 2 + 3 = 5. 2. **Subtraction**: Determining the difference between two numbers by removing the value of one from another.

Martin B. Einhorn may refer to various individuals or contexts depending on the subject matter, but there is no widely recognized public figure or concept directly associated with that name as of my last knowledge update in October 2023.

Formal theories of arithmetic are mathematical frameworks that aim to rigorously express and explore the concepts and propositions related to arithmetic using a formal language. These theories typically involve the axiomatization of basic arithmetic operations like addition and multiplication, as well as the properties of numbers, especially the natural numbers. One of the most notable formal theories of arithmetic is Peano Arithmetic (PA), developed by Giuseppe Peano in the late 19th century.

Modular arithmetic, often referred to as "clock arithmetic," is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers wrap around after reaching a certain value known as the modulus. In modular arithmetic, two numbers are considered equivalent if they have the same remainder when divided by the modulus. The basic notation for modular arithmetic is \( a \equiv b \mod m \), which means that \( a \) and \( b \) give the same remainder when divided by \( m \).

Yes, every four or five years, a single government is elected that does every single one of the thousands of government functions. Voters don't perform a careful analysis of how efficiently these thousands of fuctions were performed compared to the previous ruling party. Since these governments also have the power to make various laws with sweeping societal effects, here's what actually happens:

Thus the incentive for the branch performing each function to do so efficiently is extremely small. A highly specialized and efficient agent is hindered by having to join, obey, and share in the outcomes of, this inefficient behemoth. In a libertarian system, the sole function and power of the government would be the enforcement of the NAP. This is best done at the local level. Any subjective laws passed will be based on local opinion, eg., laws protecting those incapable of consenting (children, the mentally disabled, etc.), laws against endangering others' safety, etc. The best performing government in each region can be elected, as opposed to the best one averaged across all regions. This is why libertarians want powers transferred from the federal to the local government.

The term "IBM Q" has been used in some promotional material as of 2020, e.g.: www.ibm.com/mysupport/s/topic/0TO50000000227pGAA/ibm-q-quantum-computing?language=en_US though the fuller form "IBM Quantum Computing" is somewhat more widely used.

They also internally named an division as "IBM Q": sg.news.yahoo.com/ibm-thinks-ready-turn-quantum-050100574.html