Bill Casselman is a mathematician known for his work in the field of mathematics, particularly in analysis and number theory. He has made significant contributions to mathematical education and has created a variety of online resources, including mathematical puzzles and explanations. He has a popular website featuring mathematical problems, discussions, and insights aimed at both students and educators. Additionally, Casselman was involved in developing mathematical software and has published academic papers.

Abbas Wasim Efendi is a title that likely refers to a historical figure or scholar from the Ottoman Empire, where "Efendi" is an honorific title commonly used in Turkish-speaking areas. However, without further specific context, it's challenging to provide more detailed information.

Carolyn Yackel is a mathematician known for her work in the field of mathematics education, particularly in the areas of topology and mathematics communication. She has made significant contributions to the outreach and promotion of mathematical learning and understanding. Yackel is also known for her research in mathematics education, exploring how people learn math and how teaching practices can be improved.

A Varifold is a mathematical concept used in differential geometry and geometric measure theory. It generalizes the notion of a manifold by allowing for more flexibility in the way that "sheets" of the object can intersect and overlap. Varifolds are typically used to study objects that may not have a well-defined smooth structure everywhere, such as irregular shapes, and they are particularly useful for analyzing geometric issues in a more robust way than traditional manifolds.

In functional analysis, an \( L^p \) space (or Lebesgue \( p \)-space) is a vector space of measurable functions for which the \( p \)-th power of the absolute value is integrable.

The Luzin \( N \) property is a concept from real analysis and functional analysis, particularly in the context of measurable functions. A function \( f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R} \) is said to have the Luzin \( N \) property if for every measurable set \( E \) of finite measure, the image \( f(E) \) is also a measurable set of finite measure.

A **measure space** is a fundamental concept in measure theory, which is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of size, length, area, and volume in a rigorous way. A measure space provides a framework for quantifying the "size" of sets, particularly in the context of integration and probability theory.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, Anna Romanowska could refer to a specific individual or figure in various contexts, but there is not a widely recognized or notable person by that name in public records or popular culture. It is possible that Anna Romanowska could be a private individual, a professional in a certain field, or a fictional character.

Michael Kölling is an academic and computer scientist known for his work in computer science education, particularly in the context of programming and introductory computing concepts. He is one of the developers of the Greenfoot educational software, which is designed to help beginners learn programming through creating 2D games and simulations. Kölling has also been involved in the development of the BlueJ programming environment, which is widely used for teaching Java programming to beginners.

Mordechai Ben-Ari is a prominent figure in the field of computer science, particularly known for his contributions to programming languages and their semantics, as well as formal verification. He is also recognized for his work on software engineering and educational methods in computer science. Ben-Ari has authored several influential books and papers that are widely used in academia. His work often emphasizes the importance of clarity and rigor in teaching programming and theoretical computer science concepts.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, Anthony Joseph Penico does not appear to be a widely recognized public figure, event, or concept. It's possible that he could be a private individual or a name that has gained relevance after that date.

Claudio Procesi is an Italian mathematician known for his contributions to various areas of mathematics, including algebraic geometry, invariant theory, and representation theory. He has made notable advances in the understanding of algebraic groups and their representations, particularly in relation to the structure and classification of algebraic varieties. In addition to his research work, Procesi has been involved in education and has published several articles and papers in mathematical journals.

Bartel Leendert van der Waerden (1903–1996) was a prominent Dutch mathematician known for his work in abstract algebra, particularly in the areas of algebraic notation, number theory, and combinatorics. He is perhaps best known for van der Waerden's theorem in combinatorics, which concerns the existence of certain arithmetic progressions in sets of natural numbers.

Benjamin Peirce (1809–1880) was an American mathematician and philosopher known for his significant contributions to various fields, including mathematics, astronomy, and logic. He was a professor at Harvard University and played a crucial role in the development of mathematical logic and set theory. Peirce is particularly recognized for his work in the areas of algebra, and he made notable contributions to the field of geodesy.

Bernd Sturmfels is a prominent mathematician known for his contributions in the fields of algebra, geometry, and mathematical optimization. He has made significant advancements in areas such as computational algebraic geometry, polyhedral combinatorics, and algebraic statistics. Sturmfels is also recognized for his work in interdisciplinary fields that connect mathematics with areas such as robotics, biology, and machine learning.

Artemas Martin refers to an American artist known for his contributions to the field of painting, particularly in the 19th century. He was born in 1822 and passed away in 1899. Martin is recognized for his landscape paintings, and he played a part in the artistic movements of his time.

Bhāskara II, also known as Bhāskara Aiyangār, was a prominent Indian mathematician, astronomer, and poet who lived during the 12th century (approximately 1114–1185 CE). He is best known for his work in mathematics, particularly in the fields of calculus and number theory, and for his contributions to astronomy.

Colin McLarty is a mathematician known for his work in the philosophy of mathematics and mathematical logic. He is particularly recognized for his contributions to the foundations of mathematics and the connections between mathematical practice and philosophical inquiry. McLarty has written extensively on topics such as the role of diagrams in mathematics, the nature of mathematical proof, and the interpretation of mathematical theories.