Basically, the antenna has to be very, very large, more comparable to wavelength. E.g. even for the higher pitches, we fall in very low frequency, so have a look at the size of some of the submarine VLF antennas! They are like football pitch sized.
Basically ensuring that good AI alignment allows us to survive the singularity.
Here we list public domain academic papers. They must be public domain in the country of origin, not just the US, which had generally less stringent timings with the 95 year after publication rule rather than life + 70, which often ends up being publication + 110/120. Once these are reached, they may be upload to Wikimedia Commons!
- 2018
- Max Planck's works in Germany (1947 + 70)
- 2026
- Albert Einstein's works in Germany (1955 + 70)
- 2031:
- Max von Laue's works in Germany (1960 + 70)
- 1912: Interferenz-Erscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen (Interference phenomena in X-rays). Scan: archive.org/details/sitzungsberichte1912knig/page/n393/mode/2up. Clean upload: archive.org/details/interferenz-erscheinungen-bei-rontgenstrahlen
- Max von Laue's works in Germany (1960 + 70)
- 2032:
- 2042
- 1927: www.nature.com/articles/119558a0 The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel. (1971 + 70), Germer's death. Scan: archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1927-04-16_119_2998/page/554/mode/2up. Clean upload: archive.org/details/the-scattering-of-electrons-by-a-single-crystal-of-nickel. The Davisson-Germer experiment!
- 2049
- 1922 Stern-Gerlach experiment papers such as The experimental proof of directional quantization in the magnetic field. Stern died in 1969, Gerlach died in 1979, so 1979 + 70
- 2056
- 1961 Experimental Evidence for Quantized Flux in Superconducting Cylinders. Published in the US, so 1961 + 95.
What does it mean that photons are force carriers for electromagnetism? Updated 2025-01-10 +Created 1970-01-01
TODO find/create decent answer.
I think the best answer is something along:
- local symmetries of the Lagrangian imply conserved currents. gives conserved charges.
- OK now. We want a local symmetry. And we also want:Given all of that, the most obvious and direct thing we reach a guess at the quantum electrodynamics Lagrangian is Video "Deriving the qED Lagrangian by Dietterich Labs (2018)"
- Dirac equation: quantum relativistic Newton's laws that specify what forces do to the fields
- electromagnetism: specifies what causes forces based on currents. But not what it does to masses.
A basic non-precise intuition is that a good model of reality is that electrons do not "interact with one another directly via the electromagnetic field".
A better model happens to be the quantum field theory view that the electromagnetic field interacts with the photon field but not directly with itself, and then the photon field interacts with parts of the electromagnetic field further away.
The more precise statement is that the photon field is a gauge field of the electromagnetic force under local U(1) symmetry, which is described by a Lie group. TODO understand.
This idea was first applied in general relativity, where Einstein understood that the "force of gravity" can be understood just in terms of symmetry and curvature of space. This was later applied o quantum electrodynamics and the entire Standard Model.
From Video "Lorenzo Sadun on the "Yang-Mills and Mass Gap" Millennium problem":
- www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCQ9GIqpGBI&t=1663s mentions this idea first came about from Hermann Weyl.
- youtu.be/pCQ9GIqpGBI?t=2827 mentions that in that case the curvature is given by the electromagnetic tensor.
Bibliography:
- www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtf6U3FfDNQ Symmetry and Quantum Electrodynamics (The Standard Model Part 1) by ZAP Physics (2021)
- www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQF7kkWjVWM The Symmetry and Simplicity of the Laws of Nature and the Higgs Boson by Juan Maldacena (2012). Meh, also too basic.
His website is down as of 2020, shame: wiki.dandascalescu.com/essays/english-universal-language
This dude is interesting. Quite crazy type. It is hard to differentiate genius from mad.
Ciro Santilli bumps on his Stack Overflow from time to time: stackoverflow.com/users/1269037/dan-dascalescu.
Uses photons!
The key experiment/phenomena that sets the basis for photonic quantum computing is the two photon interference experiment.
The physical representation of the information encoding is very easy to understand:
- input: we choose to put or not photons into certain wires or no
- interaction: two wires pass very nearby at some point, and photons travelling on either of them can jump to the other one and interact with the other photons
- output: the probabilities that photos photons will go out through one wire or another
Jeremy O'Brien: "Quantum Technologies" by GoogleTechTalks (2014)
Source. This is a good introduction to a photonic quantum computer. Highly recommended.- youtube.com/watch?v=7wCBkAQYBZA&t=1285 shows an experimental curve for a two photon interference experiment by Hong, Ou, Mandel (1987)
- youtube.com/watch?v=7wCBkAQYBZA&t=1440 shows a KLM CNOT gate
- youtube.com/watch?v=7wCBkAQYBZA&t=2831 discusses the quantum error correction scheme for photonic QC based on the idea of the "Raussendorf unit cell"
The step busy beaver is a variant of the busy beaver game counts the number of steps before halt, instead of the number of 1's written to the tape.
As of 2023, it appears that BB(5) the same machine, , will win both for 5 states. But this is not always necessarily the case.
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