Ollama Updated 2025-07-16
Ollama is a highly automated open source wrapper that makes it very easy to run multiple Open weight LLM models either on CPU or GPU.
Its README alone is of great value, serving as a fantastic list of the most popular Open weight LLM models in existence.
Install with:
curl https://ollama.ai/install.sh | shOn P14s it runs on CPU and generates a few tokens per second, which is quite usable for a quick interactive play.
As mentioned at github.com/jmorganca/ollama/blob/0174665d0e7dcdd8c60390ab2dd07155ef84eb3f/docs/faq.md the downloads to under The file:gives a the exact model name and parameters.
/usr/share/ollama/.ollama/models/ and ncdu tells me:--- /usr/share/ollama ----------------------------------
3.6 GiB [###########################] /.ollama
4.0 KiB [ ] .bashrc
4.0 KiB [ ] .profile
4.0 KiB [ ] .bash_logout/usr/share/ollama/.ollama/models/manifests/hf.co/mlabonne/Meta-Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct-abliterated-GGUF/Q2_KWe can also do it non-interactively with:which gave me:but note that there is a random seed that affects each run by default. ollama-expect is an attempt to make the output deterministic.
/bin/time ollama run llama2 'What is quantum field theory?'0.13user 0.17system 2:06.32elapsed 0%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 17280maxresident)k
0inputs+0outputs (0major+2203minor)pagefaults 0swapsSome other quick benchmarks from Amazon EC2 GPU on a g4nd.xlarge instance which had an Nvidia Tesla T4:and on Nvidia A10G in an g5.xlarge instance:
0.07user 0.05system 0:16.91elapsed 0%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 16896maxresident)k
0inputs+0outputs (0major+1960minor)pagefaults 0swaps0.03user 0.05system 0:09.59elapsed 0%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 17312maxresident)k
8inputs+0outputs (1major+1934minor)pagefaults 0swapsIt tends to babble quite a lot by default, but eventually decides to stop.
Oil drop experiment Updated 2025-07-16
Clear experiment diagram which explains that the droplet mass determined with Stoke's law:
American Scientific, LLC sells a ready made educational kit for this: www.youtube.com/watch?v=EV3BtoMGA9c
Here's some actual footage of a droplet on a well described more one-off setup:Video 2. Source. From Lancaster University
This American video likely from the 60's shows it with amazing contrast: www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UDT2FcyeA4
Office space design and remote work Updated 2025-07-16
Working remotely is hard if you don't already highly master the software and enterprise systems used.
Also you don't feel people's love as strongly, and usefulness is built on love, see also Steve Jobs's Pixar office space design philosophy.
But please, give workers a small silent office so that we can concentrate instead of a silly open space, and create an internal social network so people can see what others are doing.
Remote working is much better if the majority of the team also does it, otherwise you will get excluded. Maybe after VR...
Obsidian (software) Updated 2025-07-16
Good:
- WYSIWYG
- Extended-Markdown-based
- help.obsidian.md/Getting+started/Sync+your+notes+across+devices they do have a device sync mechanism
- it watches the filesystem and if you change anything it gets automatically updated on UI
- help.obsidian.md/links#Link+to+a+block+in+a+note you can set (forcibly scoped) IDs to blocks. But it's not exposed on WYSIWYG?
Bad:
- forced ID scoping on the tree as usual
- no browser-only editor, it's just a local app apparently:
- obsidian.md/publish they have a publish function, but you can't see the generated websites with JavaScript turned off. And they charge you 8 dollars / month for that shit. Lol.
- block elements like images and tables cannot have captions?
- they kind of have synonyms: help.obsidian.md/aliases but does it work on source code?
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Updated 2025-07-16
Located in Tennessee in the East of the United States.
The precursor organization to ORNL was called Clinton Engineer Works, where groundbreaking Manhattan Project experiments and nuclear production took place during World War II
Some key experiments carried out there include:
- 1943: X-10 Graphite Reactor: prototype Plutonium breeder reactor
- isotope separation to purify Uranium-235:
Nvidia Updated 2025-07-16
Open source driver/hardware interface specification??? E.g. on Ubuntu, a large part of the nastiest UI breaking bugs Ciro Santilli encountered over the years have been GPU related. Do you think that is a coincidence??? E.g. ubuntu 21.10 does not wake up from suspend.
Linus Torvalds saying "Nvidia Fuck You" (2012)
Source. How Nvidia Won Graphics Cards by Asianometry (2021)
Source. - Doom was the first killer app of personal computer 3D graphics! As opposed to professional rendering e.g. for CAD as was supported by Silicon Graphics
- youtu.be/TRZqE6H-dww?t=694 they bet on Direct3D
- youtu.be/TRZqE6H-dww?t=749 they wrote their own drivers. At the time, most drivers were written by the computer manufacturers. That's insane!
How Nvidia Won AI by Asianometry (2022)
Source. Nutrient Updated 2025-07-16
Numerical method to solve a partial differential equation Updated 2025-07-16
The finite element method is one of the most common ways to solve PDEs in practice.
Nu (letter) Updated 2025-07-16
Nuclear weapon test Updated 2025-07-16
Nuclear weapon Updated 2025-07-16
A weapons-grade ring of electrorefined plutonium, typical of the rings refined at Los Alamos and sent to Rocky Flats for fabrication
. Source. The ring has a purity of 99.96%, weighs 5.3 kg, and is approx 11 cm in diameter. It is enough plutonium for one bomb core. Which city shall we blow up today?
Ciro Santilli is mildly obsessed by nuclear reactions, because they are so quirky. How can a little ball destroy a city? How can putting too much of it together produce criticality and kill people like in the Slotin accident or the Tokaimura criticality accident. It is mind blowing really.
More fun nuclear stuff to watch:
- Dr. Strangelove (1964)
- en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_(miniseries)
- The World Of Enrico Fermi by Harvard Project Physics (1970)
- Fat Man and Little Boy (1987) shows a possibly reasonably realistic of the history of the development of the Trinity
The Ultimate Guide to Nuclear Weapons by hypohystericalhistory (2022)
Source. Good overall summary. Some interesting points:- youtu.be/8uIPQBOCJ64?t=2946 talks about the difference between tactical and strategic nuclear weapons
- youtu.be/8uIPQBOCJ64?t=3291 mentions variable yield devices, this is the main new thing Ciro Santilli learned from this video
- youtu.be/8uIPQBOCJ64?t=3416 discusses if a strategic nuclear weapon usage would inevitably lead to tactical nuclear weapon escalation. It then mentions one case in which a possibly comparable escalation didn't happen: the abstinence of using chemical weapon during World War II.
Nuclear reactor Updated 2025-07-16
Some of the most notable ones:
- 1942: Chicago Pile-1: the first human-made nuclear chain reaction.
- 1943: X-10 Graphite Reactor: an intermediate step between the nuclear chain reaction prototype Chicago Pile-1 and the full blown mass production at Hanford site. Located in the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
- 1944: B Reactor at the Hanford site produced the plutonium used for Trinity and Fat Man
One major difference between the elliptic curve over a finite field or the elliptic curve over the rational numbers the elliptic curve over the real numbers is that not every possible generates a member of the curve.
This is because on the Equation "Definition of the elliptic curves" we see that given an , we calculate , which always produces an element .
But then we are not necessarily able to find an for the , because not all fields are not quadratically closed fields.
For example: with and , taking gives:and therefore there is no that satisfies the equation. So is not on the curve if we consider this elliptic curve over the rational numbers.
That would also not belong to Elliptic curve over the finite field , because doing everything we have:Therefore, there is no element such that or , i.e. and don't have a multiplicative inverse.
For the real numbers, it would work however, because the real numbers are a quadratically closed field, and .
For this reason, it is not necessarily trivial to determine the number of elements of an elliptic curve.
North America Updated 2025-07-16
Norm induced by the complex dot product Updated 2025-07-16
Normal subgroup Updated 2025-07-16
Ultimate explanation: math.stackexchange.com/questions/776039/intuition-behind-normal-subgroups/3732426#3732426
Only normal subgroups can be used to form quotient groups: their key definition is that they plus their cosets form a group.
One key intuition is that "a normal subgroup is the kernel" of a group homomorphism, and the normal subgroup plus cosets are isomorphic to the image of the isomorphism, which is what the fundamental theorem on homomorphisms says.
Therefore "there aren't that many group homomorphism", and a normal subgroup it is a concrete and natural way to uniquely represent that homomorphism.
The best way to think about the, is to always think first: what is the homomorphism? And then work out everything else from there.
Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era Updated 2025-07-16
Era of quantum computing before we reach physical errors small enough to do perfect quantum error correction as demonstrated by the quantum threshold theorem.
Noisy-channel coding theorem Updated 2025-07-16
Setting: you are sending bits through a communication channel, each bit has a random probability of getting flipped, and so you use some error correction code to achieve some minimal error, at the expense of longer messages.
This theorem sets an upper bound on how efficient you can be in your encoding, for any encoding.
The next big question, which the theorem does not cover is how to construct codes that reach or approach the limit. Important such codes include:
But besides this, there is also the practical consideration of if you can encode/decode fast enough to keep up with the coded bandwidth given your hardware capabilities.
news.mit.edu/2010/gallager-codes-0121 explains how turbo codes were first reached without a very good mathematical proof behind them, but were still revolutionary in experimental performance, e.g. turbo codes were used in 3G/4G.
But this motivated researchers to find other such algorithms that they would be able to prove things about, and so they rediscovered the much earlier low-density parity-check code, which had been published in the 60's but was forgotten, partially because it was computationally expensive.
Node (server) Updated 2025-07-16
It runs one instance of the Linux kernel and has one IP address. Each node is therefore a complete computer. As such is must also contain RAM memory, disk storage and a network interface controller.
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