Ranger (file manager) by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Ciro Santilli considered it before he stopped using file managers altogether, it is not bad.
The differential equation that is solved by the exponential function:
with initial condition:
TODO find better name for it, "linear homogenous differential equation of degree one" almost fully constrainst it except for the exponent constant and initial value.
First we write a vector field as:
Note how we are denoting each component of as with a raised index.
Then, the divergence can be written in Einstein notation as:
It is common to just omit the variables of the function, so we tend to just say:
or equivalently when referring just to the operator:
Calibre (software) by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Sometimes Ciro Santilli says half jokingly that user interface does not matter.
This software circa 2010-2020 makes that joke not be funny.
How can a UI feel so clunky!
The most aggravating thing is that it is not immediately obvious why it feels so bad.
Dual vector by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Dual vectors are the members of a dual space.
In the context of tensors , we use raised indices to refer to members of the dual basis vs the underlying basis:
The dual basis vectors are defined to "pick the corresponding coordinate" out of elements of V. E.g.:
By expanding into the basis, we can put this more succinctly with the Kronecker delta as:
Note that in Einstein notation, the components of a dual vector have lower indices. This works well with the upper case indices of the dual vectors, allowing us to write a dual vector as:
In the context of quantum mechanics, the bra notation is also used for dual vectors.

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