Sauropsida subclade

Work by Carl Sagan

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= FPGA
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{title2}

= FPGAs
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{synonym}

It basically replaces a bunch of discrete <digital> components with a single chip. So you don't have to wire things manually.

Particularly fundamental if you would be putting those chips up a thousand cell towers for signal processing, and ever felt the need to reprogram them! Resoldering would be fun, would it? So you just do a over the wire update of everything.

Vs a <microcontroller>: same reason why you would want to use discrete components: speed. Especially when you want to do a bunch of things in parallel fast.

One limitation is that it only handles digital electronics: https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/25525/are-there-any-analog-fpgas There are some analog analogs, but they are much more restricted due to signal loss, which is exactly what digital electronics is very good at mitigating.

\Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gl4CuzOH6I4]
{title=First FPGA experiences with a Digilent Cora Z7 Xilinx Zynq by <Marco Reps> (2018)}
{description=Good video, actually gives some rationale of a use case that a <microcontroller> wouldn't handle because it is not fast enough.}

\Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zrqYy369NQ]
{title=FPGA Dev Board Tutorial by Ben Heck (2016)}

\Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-8G1Yixb34]
{title=The History of the FPGA by <Asianometry> (2022)}


Field-programmable gate array

{tag=Essays by Ciro Santilli}

The approach many courses take to physics, specially "modern Physics" is really bad, this is how it should be taught:
* start by describing experiments that the previous best theory did not explain, see also: <physics education needs more focus on understanding experiments and their history>{full}
* then, give the final formula for the next best theory
* then, give all the important final implications of that formula, and how it amazingly describes the experiments. In particular this means: <doing physics means calculating a number>
* then, give some mathematical intuition on the formulas, and how the main equation could have been derived
* finally, then and only then, start deriving the outcomes of the main formula in detail

This is likely because at some point, experiments get more and more complicated, and so people are tempted to say "this is the truth" instead of "this is why we think this is the truth", which is much harder.

But we can't be lazy, there is no replacement to the why.

Related:
* http://settheory.net/learnphysics and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MKjPYuD60I&list=PLJcTRymdlUQPwx8qU4ln83huPx-6Y3XxH from <settheory.net>
* https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/books.html by <John Baez>. Mentions:
  \Q[This webpage doesn't have lots of links to websites. Websites just don't have the sort of in-depth material you need to learn technical subjects like advanced math and physics — at least, not yet. To learn this stuff, you need to read lots of books]
  <Ciro Santilli> is trying to change that: <OurBigBook.com>.
* https://web.archive.org/web/20210324182549/http://jakobschwichtenberg.com/one-thing/ by <Jakob Schwichtenberg>


How to teach and learn physics

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= Excreting
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= Excrete
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Excretion

{disambiguate=unit}
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{wiki}


Tesla

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{tag=Arm (company)}

= ARM instruction set
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= ARM
{disambiguate=ISA}
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This <ISA> basically completely dominated the <smartphone> market of the 2010s and beyond, but it started appearing in other areas as the end of <Moore's law> made it more economical logical for large companies to start developing their own semiconductor, e.g. <Google custom silicon>, <Amazon custom silicon>.

It is exciting to see ARM entering the <server>, <desktop> and <supercomputer> market circa 2020, beyond its dominant mobile position and roots.

<Ciro Santilli> likes <Ciro Santilli's self perceived creative personality>[to see the underdogs rise], and bite off dominant ones.

The excitement also applies to <RISC-V> possibly over ARM mobile market one day conversely however.

Basically, as long as were a huge company seeking to develop a <CPU> and able to control your own ecosystem independently of <Windows>' desktop domination (held by the need for backward compatibility with a billion end user programs), ARM would be a possibility on your mind.

* in 2020, the Fugaku supercomputer, which uses an ARM-based <Fujitsu> designed chip, because the number 1 fastest supercomputer in <TOP500>: https://www.top500.org/lists/top500/2021/11/

  It was later beaten by another <x86> supercomputer https://www.top500.org/lists/top500/2022/06/[], but the message was clearly heard.
* 2012 https://hackaday.com/2012/07/09/pedal-powered-32-core-arm-linux-server/ pedal-powered 32-core Arm Linux server. A <publicity stunt>, but still, cool.
* <AWS Graviton>


ARM architecture family

{wiki}

In <Ciro's ASCII art circuit diagram notation>, it is a loop with three <Josephson junctions>:
``
+----X-----+
|          |
|          |
|          |
+--X----X--+
``

\Image[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Flux_Qubit_-_Holloway.jpg]

\Video[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=daQJMwvxC_U]
{title=Superconducting Qubit by NTT SCL (2015)}
{description=
Offers an interesting interpretation of <superposition> in that type of device (TODO precise name, seems to be a <flux qubit>): current going clockwise or current going counter clockwise at the same time.

Their circuit is a loop with three <Josephson junctions>, in <Ciro's ASCII art circuit diagram notation>:
``
+----X-----+
|          |
|          |
|          |
+--X----X--+
``

They name the clockwise and counter clockwise states $\ket{L}$ and $\ket{R}$ (named for Left and Right).

When half the <magnetic flux quantum> is applied as <microwaves>, this produces the ground state:
$$
\ket{0} = \ket{L} + \ket{R}
$$
where $L$ and $R$ cancel each other out. And the first excited state $\ket{1}$ is:
$$
\ket{0} = \ket{L} - \ket{R}
$$
Then he mentions that:
* to go from 0 to 1, they apply the difference in energy
* if the duration is reduced by half, it creates a superposition of $\ket{0} + \ket{1}$.
}


Flux qubit

Mate choice

Expansion of the universe

Messenger RNA

Open license

CC BY version

Reproduction

Protein dimer

Moon

Star

Point group

{c}

<Stack Exchange> solves to a good extent the use  cases:
* I have a very specific question, type it on <Google>, find top answers
* I have an answer, and I put it here because it has a much greater chance of being found due to the larger <PageRank> than my <personal web page> will ever have
points of view. It is a big open question if we can actually substantially improve it.

Major shortcoming are mentioned at <idiotic Stack Overflow policies>:
* Scope restrictions can lead to a lot of content deletion: <closing questions as off-topic>
  * <closing questions as off-topic>
  * <Stack Overflow content deletion>
  * <Stack Overflow link-only answer policy>
  * <Stack Overflow no duplicate answers policy>
  This greatly discourages new users, who might still have added value to the project.

  On our website, anyone can post anything that is legal in a given country. No one can ever delete your content if it is legal, no matter their reputation.
* Although you can answer your own question, there's no way to write an organized multi-page book with Stack Exchange due to shortcomings such as no table of contents, 30k max chars on answer, huge risk of deletion due to "too broad"
* Absolutely no algorithmic attempt to overcome the fastest gun in the West problem (early answers have huge advantage over newer ones): https://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/404535/closing-an-old-upvoted-question-as-duplicate-of-new-unvoted-questions/404567\#404567
* Native reputation system:
  * if the living ultimate <God> of `C++` upvotes you, you get `10` reputation
  * if the first-day newb of `Java` upvotes you, you also get `10` reputation
* Randomly split between sites like Stack Overflow vs Super User, with separate user reputations, but huge overlaps, and many questions that appears as dupes on both and never get merged.
* Possible edit wars, just like <Wikipedia>, but these are much less common since content ownership is much clearer than in Wikipedia however

Bibliography:
* https://dev.to/codemouse92/has-stackoverflow-become-an-antipattern-3icb (http://web.archive.org/web/20191021090247/https://dev.to/codemouse92/has-stackoverflow-become-an-antipattern-3icb[archive])


Title	Author	Created	Updated
Sauropsida subclade	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Work by Carl Sagan	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Z	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Field-programmable gate array	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
How to teach and learn physics	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Excretion	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Tesla	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
ARM architecture family	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Flux qubit	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Mate choice	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Expansion of the universe	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Messenger RNA	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Open license	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
CC BY version	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Reproduction	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Protein dimer	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Moon	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Star	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Point group	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01
Stack Exchange	Ciro Santilli 32	1970-01-01	1970-01-01

Ciro Santilli (@cirosantilli, 32)