Managed retreat refers to a strategy used primarily in the context of climate change and environmental management, where communities and infrastructure are intentionally relocated away from areas that are increasingly vulnerable to hazards such as rising sea levels, flooding, erosion, and other climate-induced risks. Rather than attempting to hold back or protect these areas with barriers and other forms of engineering, managed retreat involves planning and implementing gradual relocation to mitigate risks, enhance safety, and preserve livelihoods.
Tide gauges are instruments used to measure the change in water level in oceans, seas, and other bodies of water over time. They play a crucial role in monitoring tides, storm surges, sea level rise, and other hydrological phenomena. Tide gauges can be classified into different types based on their measurement techniques, such as: 1. **Mechanical gauges**: Use floats and wheels to measure water levels.
The Early Holocene sea level rise refers to the significant increase in global sea levels that occurred during the early part of the Holocene epoch, which began around 11,700 years ago and lasted until about 5,000 years ago. At the end of the last Ice Age, melting glaciers and ice sheets contributed to a rapid rise in sea levels as the large volumes of water trapped in ice returned to the oceans.
Eustatic sea level refers to the global sea level changes that occur due to variations in the volume of water in the oceans or changes in the shape of ocean basins. This type of sea level change is caused by factors such as: 1. **Glacial and Interglacial Cycles**: During glacial periods, large amounts of water are stored in ice sheets and glaciers, leading to lower sea levels. Conversely, during interglacial periods, when ice melts, sea levels rise.
Meltwater Pulse 1B refers to a significant rise in global sea levels that occurred approximately 14,600 to 12,700 years ago during the late Pleistocene epoch. It is part of a broader phenomenon known as the Meltwater Pulses, which are characterized by rapid increases in sea levels caused by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age.
The North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System (NWSOOS) is an oceanographic monitoring and forecasting system designed to provide real-time data and information about ocean conditions in the North West Shelf region of Australia. This system is vital for a variety of applications, including: 1. **Maritime Safety**: Providing data to support safe navigation and operations at sea.
The Northern European Enclosure Dam is a proposed infrastructure project designed to protect Northern European countries from the effects of climate change, particularly rising sea levels and flooding associated with storm surges. The project envisions the construction of a barrier system that would enclose several countries or regions, such as the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, and potentially others, to mitigate flooding risks and protect coastal areas.
The UK National Tide Gauge Network (NTGN) is a system of tide gauges that are strategically placed around the coast of the United Kingdom to monitor and record changes in sea level and tidal movements. These gauges are essential for understanding coastal processes, managing navigation, and assessing the impacts of climate change and rising sea levels.
Hashing is a process used to convert data of any size into a fixed-size string of characters, which is typically a sequence of alphanumeric characters. This process utilizes mathematical algorithms known as hash functions. The output, called a hash value or hash code, is unique (within practical limits) to the specific input data. ### Key Characteristics of Hashing: 1. **Deterministic**: The same input will always produce the same hash output.
Internet search algorithms are complex sets of rules and procedures used by search engines to retrieve and rank the most relevant information from the vast amount of content available on the internet. These algorithms analyze a multitude of factors to deliver the most accurate and useful results in response to user queries. Here are some key components and concepts related to internet search algorithms: 1. **Indexing**: Search engines crawl the web, collecting data from websites and storing it in an index.
HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System) is a modeling software developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) designed for simulating river and floodplain hydraulic behavior. It is primarily used to analyze the flow of water in rivers and streams, assess flood risk, and design hydraulic structures.
Hybrid theory for photon transport in tissue is an approach that combines different models or methodologies to better understand and simulate how light, particularly in the form of photons, interacts with biological tissues. The underlying challenge in modeling photon transport in tissue arises from the complex and heterogeneous nature of biological materials, which can scatter and absorb light in unpredictable ways.
HydroGeoSphere is a comprehensive software package designed for simulating surface and groundwater flow, as well as solute transport in the hydrological cycle. It is particularly useful for modeling complex hydrologic systems across various scales, from small watersheds to large river basins. The software integrates the processes of surface runoff, infiltration, groundwater flow, and solute transport, allowing users to conduct detailed analyses of water resources, contaminant transport, and environmental impacts.
LISE++ is a software tool designed for the simulation and analysis of particle transport and reactions, particularly in the context of nuclear physics and related fields. It is an upgraded version of the original LISE (LInear SExtractor) program, which was developed for the experimental study of rare isotopes produced in nuclear reactions, especially in the context of beam and target interactions.
Nektar++ is an open-source structured spectral element framework used for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and other engineering simulations. It is particularly suited for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) using spectral methods, which are numerical techniques that leverage polynomial approximations for high accuracy.
Nukemap is an interactive online tool created by historian Alex Wellerstein that simulates the effects of nuclear detonations. Users can select different types of nuclear weapons, choose a location on a map, and then see the potential impact of a nuclear explosion in terms of blast radius, thermal radiation, and fallout patterns. The tool allows users to explore various scenarios, such as the effects of different yields of nuclear weapons and the geographic consequences of detonating them in populated areas.
OpenFOAM (Open Field Operation and Manipulation) is an open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package that provides tools for simulating and analyzing fluid flow, heat transfer, turbulence, and other physical processes. It is widely used in academic research, engineering, and industrial applications to solve complex fluid dynamics problems.
SU2 is a software package primarily used for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the simulation of multiphysics problems. It was developed by researchers at Stanford University and is released as open-source software under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The name "SU2" stands for "Stanford University Unstructured," indicating its focus on unstructured mesh methods, which are widely used in CFD applications for their flexibility in handling complex geometries.
SahysMod is a simulation environment focused on the modeling and analysis of complex systems, primarily used in academic and research settings. It allows users to create, manipulate, and analyze models describing various systems, often in fields like logistics, manufacturing, and traffic management. SahysMod is particularly well-suited for educational purposes, enabling students and researchers to visualize and simulate real-world processes, thereby gaining insights into system dynamics and performance.