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The 10th century was a period rich in mathematical progress, particularly in the Islamic world, where scholars were translating and building upon the works of earlier Greek, Indian, and Persian mathematicians.

The 11th century was a period during which significant advancements in mathematics occurred, particularly in the Islamic world, as well as in Europe. Here are some noteworthy mathematicians and their contributions during this time: 1. **Al-Khwarizmi (c. 780–850)**: Although he lived earlier than the 11th century, his works were influential well into the 11th century. Al-Khwarizmi is often referred to as the "father of algebra.

The 12th century was a significant period for the development of mathematics, particularly in Europe, as it marked the beginning of the Western Renaissance in science and learning. During this time, several mathematicians and scholars contributed to the field, often through the translation and dissemination of works from the Islamic Golden Age and ancient Greek texts. Some noteworthy figures and developments in 12th-century mathematics include: 1. **Gerard of Cremona**: An influential translator, Gerard of Cremona (c.

The 13th century was a period of significant mathematical development, particularly in Europe and the Islamic world. Here are some key mathematicians and contributions from that time: 1. **Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci)**: Although he was born in the late 12th century (c.

The term "14th-century mathematicians" refers to individuals who made contributions to mathematics during the 1300s, a period characterized by the development of new mathematical concepts and the revival of interest in ancient Greek and Arabic mathematics. During this time, notable mathematicians emerged, especially in Europe and the Islamic world. Some key mathematicians from the 14th century include: 1. **Nicole Oresme (c.

The 15th century was a significant period for mathematics, particularly because it was part of the broader Renaissance movement, which saw a revival of interest in science and learning. Here are some key mathematicians and developments from the 15th century: 1. **Fibonacci (Leonardo of Pisa, c. 1170-1250)**: Although he lived earlier than the 15th century, Fibonacci’s work laid important foundations for later mathematicians.

The 16th century was a significant period in the history of mathematics, marked by the transition from medieval to modern mathematical thinking. Several mathematicians played key roles in the development of mathematical concepts during this time.

The 17th century was a pivotal time in the history of mathematics, marked by significant advancements and the development of new concepts that laid the foundation for modern mathematics. Notable mathematicians from this period include: 1. **René Descartes (1596–1650)**: Often considered the father of modern philosophy and analytic geometry, Descartes developed the Cartesian coordinate system, linking algebra and geometry. His work "La Géométrie" introduced methods for expressing geometric shapes algebraically.

The 18th century was a significant period in the history of mathematics, marked by substantial developments in various branches of the field. Many mathematicians made important contributions during this time, and they laid the groundwork for future advancements.

The 1st century BC was a notable period for mathematics, particularly in the context of the development of mathematics in ancient Greece and Rome. While specific mathematicians from this period may not be as well-documented as those from earlier or later periods, several key figures and developments can be highlighted: 1. **Hero of Alexandria (circa 10 AD - 70 AD)**: Although technically from the 1st century AD, much of Hero's work was influenced by prior mathematicians.

1st-century mathematicians lived during a pivotal time in the history of mathematics, primarily in regions influenced by the Roman Empire and Hellenistic culture. While there are not as many famous mathematicians from the 1st century compared to earlier periods, several notable figures and developments are significant.

21st-century mathematicians are individuals engaged in the field of mathematics during the 21st century (from the year 2001 onward). This period has seen significant advancements and diversification in mathematical research, education, and applications. Mathematicians of this century work across various fields, including pure mathematics, applied mathematics, statistics, computational mathematics, and interdisciplinary areas like data science and bioinformatics.

The 2nd century BC was a significant period for the development of mathematics, particularly in the Hellenistic world and ancient Rome. Several key mathematicians and contributions from this era include: 1. **Euclid (c. 300 BC)**: While best known for his work earlier than the 2nd century BC, Euclid's influence extended into this period.

The 2nd century was an important period for mathematics, particularly in the context of the Hellenistic tradition and the beginnings of the Roman Empire. Some key figures and developments in mathematics during this century include: 1. **Ptolemy (c. 100 – c. 170 AD)**: Though he was primarily known as an astronomer and geographer, Ptolemy made substantial contributions to mathematics, especially in trigonometry.

The 3rd century BC was a significant period for mathematics, particularly in ancient Greece and the Hellenistic world. Several key mathematicians made important contributions during this time: 1. **Euclid (c. 300 BC)**: Often referred to as the "Father of Geometry," Euclid is best known for his work "Elements," in which he systematically presented the foundational principles of geometry.

The 3rd century CE was a significant period for mathematics and science, particularly within the context of the Greco-Roman world. Although there were not many mathematicians known by name from this specific century, several notable developments in mathematics and related fields occurred during this time, influenced by earlier traditions as well as precursors to later developments.

The 4th century BC was a significant period for mathematics, particularly in ancient Greece, where many advancements were made that laid the groundwork for future mathematical thought. Here are some notable mathematicians and contributions from that era: 1. **Euclid**: While Euclid is more commonly associated with the 3rd century BC, he was influenced by mathematicians from the 4th century. His work, particularly the "Elements," is foundational in geometry.

The term "4th-century mathematicians" typically refers to mathematicians who were active during the 4th century AD (300-399). This period is notable for several key figures in the history of mathematics and science. Here are some prominent mathematicians and contributions from that time: 1. **Diophantus**: Although he is often thought to have lived a bit later (around the 3rd century), his work influenced those in the 4th century.

The 5th century BC was a significant period for mathematics, particularly in ancient Greece. During this time, several mathematicians made notable contributions to the field. Here are some key figures and their achievements: 1. **Pythagoras**: Although he was active earlier in the 6th century BC, Pythagoras' influence carried into the 5th century. He is best known for the Pythagorean theorem, which relates the sides of a right triangle.

The term "5th-century mathematicians" typically refers to various mathematicians and scholars who made significant contributions to mathematics during the 5th century AD. This period is notable for advancements in mathematics, particularly in the realm of geometry and number theory, influenced by earlier Greek mathematicians. Some key figures associated with this time include: 1. **Hypatia of Alexandria (c.