Inflammation involving renal tubules and the surrounding interstitium. It differs from primarily glomerular disease, although several compartments can be affected in one kidney.

Ascaris lumbricoides is a large parasitic roundworm with adults in the small intestine. After ingestion of infective eggs, larvae migrate through host tissues, including the lungs, before returning to the intestine. The site of the adult therefore does not describe every developmental stage.^[ref]

The human pinworm; eggs are laid on the perianal skin.

The human whipworm, with its thin anterior end embedded in colonic mucosa.

A parasitic roundworm with intestinal adults and larvae in skeletal muscle.

Ancylostoma duodenale is a hookworm whose adults attach to the small intestine and feed in a way that causes host blood loss. Its environmental larval stages and intestinal adults occupy different settings in the life cycle.^[ref]

Dracunculus medinensis is the Guinea worm, a parasitic roundworm. Its life cycle involves aquatic crustaceans carrying larvae and a vertebrate host in which the adult female develops. Release of larvae into water connects the host-associated and aquatic stages.^[ref]

Suppose $f$ is a strict function, $f(a)=b$ and $f\circ g=h\circ f$. The zero case of the asserted equation is the base identity; the successor case rewrites $f(g(z))$ as $h(f(z))$ and applies structural induction. At an undefined argument, the strict function premise makes both sides the bottom value. For pure definable Haskell functions, equality on finite partial approximations extends to infinite constructor chains by continuity in the information order. For finite total arguments alone, the zero and successor proof does not require strictness.

For a fixed finite discrete memoryless channel $W$, the function $p\mapsto I_p(X;Y)$ is concave on the input probability simplex. Indeed, the induced output law $q=pW$ is linear in $p$, the output Shannon entropy $H(q)$ is concave, and $H(Y\mid X)={\sum }_{x}p(x)H(W(\cdot \mid x))$ is linear. Their difference is therefore concave. Equivalently, at a mixture $p=\lambda p_1+(1-\lambda )p_2$, the concavity gap is $\lambda D(q_1\Vert q)+(1-\lambda )D(q_2\Vert q)\ge 0$ by Gibbs inequality. Thus every local maximum is a global maximum, and averaging over symmetries of the fixed channel cannot decrease mutual information.

The stylopharyngeus muscle is the stylopharyngeus, a pharyngeal elevator supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve. It links the styloid region to the pharyngeal wall. The expanded name identifies the same anatomical muscle rather than an additional neighboring structure.

The tensor veli palatini muscle contributes to tension of the soft palate and opening of the auditory tube. Its tendon changes direction around a bony pulley region. Its trigeminal motor supply distinguishes it from several neighboring muscles of the palate and pharynx.

The sternocleidomastoid muscle connects the sternum and clavicle with the mastoid region. Unilateral activity contributes to side-bending and rotation of the head, while bilateral actions depend on the head and neck position. It can also act as an accessory respiratory muscle.

A scalene muscle connects cervical vertebrae with upper ribs. The group contributes to neck movement and can assist inspiration by acting on the upper thorax. Spaces between its members also form important routes for vessels and the brachial plexus.

An abdominal muscle contributes to movement or stabilization of the trunk and to control of abdominal pressure. Different layers can cooperate during forceful expiration and postural tasks. Pressure generation and movement depend on coordinated activity rather than isolated shortening of one layer.

An intercostal muscle spans adjacent ribs and contributes to thoracic mechanics. The layered arrangement includes external intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles. Fiber direction and regional attachments affect how each layer influences rib movement.

Muscle contraction is active force generation by muscular contractile machinery. A muscle can shorten, lengthen under load or maintain nearly constant length while active. Force production and visible shortening are therefore different observations, linked by the load and mechanical constraints.

The attachment conventionally designated as the origin of a muscle, commonly the more fixed or proximal attachment. It is distinct from the muscle insertion.

The attachment conventionally designated as the insertion of a muscle, commonly the more mobile or distal attachment. The convention must be distinguished from observations of a particular movement.

A diaphragm is a partition spanning an opening or separating regions; in muscular anatomy, the name commonly refers to the respiratory diaphragm. The broader structural term also appears in pelvic diaphragm. Location and composition should therefore be specified rather than assuming every anatomical diaphragm is the same sheet.

The levator veli palatini muscle elevates the soft palate. Its action contributes to closing the nasal route during swallowing and appropriate speech sounds. Elevation is distinct from the tension-related contribution of tensor veli palatini muscle.