Transactions published in the Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal 4(4), November 1864, pp. 121–132. Opening report of the June 1862 meeting concerns hydrothorax, tapping and subsequent anatomical examination.

BTS clinical statement, Thorax 78, supplement 3, s43–s68: pleural aspiration, imaging, apparatus, drainage and complications. Society statement page.

British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review 32(63), July 1863, pp. 65–80. Page 78, entry XXI, discusses cancer statistics and incomplete observation after operation.

Institutional molecular biology education resource; blood tests and glucose-oxidase assay principle. No historical urine-test result is treated as a diagnosis.

Primary account, 1753, pp. 191–196: the 1747 shipboard comparison, common diet, paired treatments and reported outcomes. The linked institutional record reproduces those original pages and verifies the author and edition. The historical observation is distinct from the later vitamin C explanation.

Original article titled Notes of a Case of Ileus, Caused by a Large Gall-Stone Impacted in the Ileum; Death from Rupture of the Heart. Edinburgh Medical Journal 3(11), May 1858, pp. 1004–1005. The report describes blood in the pericardium and an extremely friable, fatty right ventricular wall.

Bibliographic verification: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29646367/

An 1852 reproduction of the 1850 Medico-Chirurgical Transactions account. Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal 77(190), pp. 120–152. Pages 120–126 distinguish external fatty growth from degeneration within muscular fibres and discuss microscopic appearances and specimen selection. Historical theories about transformation into fat are not adopted as present-day explanations.

AHA scientific statement, 2021. The Free Wall Rupture section supports the present-day comparison: friable infarct tissue, collapse, haemopericardium, tamponade and echocardiographic diagnosis. It is not used as evidence of technology available in 1864.

Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Cited sections: Introduction, Vitamin C Deficiency and Food Sources. Used for the present-day explanation of dietary requirement, collagen synthesis and scurvy.

Interpretation of a white-cell count and its limitations; further differential, film and marrow testing.

Pathophysiology, mechanisms, diagnostic interpretation and relation of outcome to cause.

Types of hernias and anatomy. The page is used for anatomical classification only; mesh treatment is outside the answer.

Classification and diagnosis: external varieties and groin-mass differential.

Acta Biomedica 90, supplement 5 (2019), pp. 20–37. Anatomical classification by internal aperture and compartment.

American Family Physician 102 (2020), pp. 487–492; Table 2 and clinical differential of groin masses.

Practice of Medicine, pp. 179–183: contemporary reports of alkaline treatment and discussion of the limitations of comparisons between cases.

Report of Clinical Cases in the Surgical Wards of the Royal Infirmary, July 1863 to October 1864. The report was printed after the examination; p. 111 describes practice during the period, including wound care and the use of quinine and stimulants in pyaemia.

NG250, 2025, especially diagnosis, severity assessment, antibiotics and respiratory support.

Dark stools: oral iron and differential interpretation.

A mechanism that trades the magnitude or direction of an applied force against the displacement through which it acts. An ideal simple machine conserves work; it does not multiply energy.