Carbon disulfide is $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{S}}_2$, with a linear sulfur-carbon-sulfur molecular framework. It is a volatile molecular liquid, historically called bisulphide of carbon.

Its overall symmetry cancels the opposing bond-dipole contributions in the isolated molecule. The example distinguishes the polarity of individual bonds from a molecule's net permanent dipole.

A chemical compound whose solid composition includes water of crystallization.

Creatinine is a small nitrogen-containing cyclic compound formed from creatine-related metabolism. Its production and elimination connect muscle metabolism with measurement of kidney function.

A measured creatinine concentration is a physiological signal influenced by more than one process, including production and renal handling. It should therefore be distinguished from a direct measurement of the filtration of a chemically inert tracer.

A centrifugal separator uses rotation to separate components with different migration behaviour under centrifugal acceleration. Dense suspended material can move outward relative to the surrounding fluid while a lighter fraction is collected elsewhere. A cream separator applies the principle to liquid droplets, whereas a laboratory centrifuge can accumulate a centrifugation pellet. Separation depends on density differences, size, viscosity and residence time; equal mass alone does not determine a component’s path. ^[ref]

Gray matter is neural tissue rich in neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and synaptic connections, together with glial and vascular elements. It contrasts with the concentration of long fiber pathways in white matter. The distinction describes tissue organization rather than an absolute separation of all cell components.

A cell-adhesion junction mechanically coupling adjacent biological cells through their cytoskeletons.

Links from the adhesion machinery to intermediate filaments distribute mechanical load across a tissue. This is useful in tissues exposed to stretching, such as skin: adhesion at one cell boundary is supported by a larger connected intracellular network. ^[ref]

Inflammation and the Microcirculation (2010), Chapter 6: endothelial activation, matrix degradation and sprouting.

Pathology: The Big Picture, 2026 Update, Cellular Pathology: Hypertrophy; Hyperplasia; Figure 1-1.

Official Elsevier chapter: adaptive responses to increased demand; Physiological hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The textbook title commemorates James Underwood. Indexed chapter text was inspected; direct opening returned a redirect error.

Cardiovascular Signaling in Health and Disease (2022), cardiac hypertrophy section: physiological versus pathological enlargement, fibrosis and progression to heart failure.

A colloidal assembly of caseins associated with calcium phosphate in milk; changes in pH and enzyme action can destabilize it.

Inflammation affecting tissue of the heart. The term is broad: specifying endocardium, myocardium or pericardium identifies anatomically different processes that can have different consequences.

Inflammation of the pericardium; its cause and haemodynamic complications determine management.

Inflammation of the heart muscle. Effects on contraction and electrical activity can occur together or separately, connecting tissue injury with heart failure or cardiac arrhythmias.^[ref]

An audible vibration associated with cardiac motion and blood-flow events. The principal sounds relate to valve closure and resulting vibrations; a sound’s timing can connect auscultation with stages of the cardiac cycle.

A cardiac rhythm initiated by the sinoatrial node and propagated through the usual activation pathway. Sinus rhythm specifies the origin and pattern of activation, not a guarantee that every aspect of heart function is normal.

Inflammation of a cardiac valve.

A breach in a wall of the heart. Free-wall rupture can allow blood to enter the pericardium, causing haemopericardium and potentially cardiac tamponade. ^[ref]

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, often involving valves. Infective endocarditis is the microbial form; the broader anatomical term does not itself establish infection.

Disorganized ventricular electrical activity that fails to produce effective coordinated pumping. It is a mechanism of cardiac arrest, distinct from an orderly but very rapid ventricular rhythm.