A rapid cardiac rhythm originating in the ventricles. Its effect on blood circulation depends on rate, coordination and underlying cardiac function; a recognizable electrical rhythm does not guarantee adequate blood flow.

An abnormal cardiac rhythm characterized by a slow ventricular rate. It can arise from reduced impulse formation or impaired conduction, separating the observed rate from the underlying electrical defect.

A disorder in which altered cardiac ion channel function contributes to abnormal electrical activity. Different channel defects can change activation or recovery and produce distinct rhythm syndromes.

A cardiac rhythm with disorganized atrial activation and loss of coordinated atrial contraction. Variable conduction to the ventricles commonly produces an irregular pulse, linking atrial electrical disorder with its circulatory manifestation.

A heart rate slower than the expected range for the stated context. Physiological adaptation and conduction disease are different possible explanations, so the numerical rate must be interpreted with the rhythm and circumstances.

A heart rate faster than the expected range for the stated context. It can reflect a normal response to exertion or an abnormal rhythm; the rate description alone does not identify the mechanism.

Delayed or failed conduction from the atria to the ventricles. Its degree and anatomical site affect the resulting rhythm, connecting a defect in electrical propagation with changes in ventricular activation.

A hard carcinoma with abundant fibrous stromal response. The gross firmness reflects surrounding tissue as well as cancer cells and does not by itself specify one molecular subtype.

A carcinoma with prominent mucin production or accumulation. The description concerns tissue character; anatomical origin and other microscopic features remain necessary for a complete classification.

A historically variable name for an epithelial tumour, often used for a carcinoma. Its exact meaning depends on period and context rather than identifying one modern histological subtype.

A carcinoma showing squamous differentiation. It can arise at different epithelial sites, so the microscopic category and anatomical origin are separate parts of a diagnosis.

A usually locally invasive skin carcinoma with basal-cell differentiation. Local destruction and distant metastatic potential are different dimensions of malignancy, making behavior more specific than the word cancer alone.

A cancer arising in the colon or rectum. Tissue of origin identifies the primary site, while spread elsewhere remains colorectal cancer rather than taking the name of the destination organ.

A sugar alcohol that can be among the products historically grouped under viscous fermentation.

Maltose is a disaccharide made from two glucose units connected by an α(1→4) glycosidic bond. One anomeric centre remains available for ring opening, so maltose is a reducing sugar.

Hydrolysis of starch can produce maltose; further hydrolysis yields two glucose molecules. The same repeating linkage therefore appears in a small sugar and in a much larger carbohydrate chain.^[ref]

In a two-variable calcium-wave model, the fast front scale can reduce to the displayed dynamical system. Its equilibria are intersections of the kinetic nullcline $V=g(U)$ and a line of slope $-1/\gamma$. At a simple intersection with $f_V<0$, the Jacobian determinant is $f_V(1+\gamma g^{\prime })$; a negative determinant identifies a saddle point. Matching a rising front requires a heteroclinic orbit from one saddle to another, selected by a shooting method in the speed $s$. A falling connection must use the same speed. Between fronts the slow equation is $s(1+\gamma g^{\prime })U^{\prime }=\mu -U$. Recovery on the two outer rising branches requires the resting value $\mu$ to lie between the low landing value and the high takeoff value. The nullcline shape supplies this geometry but does not by itself prove existence of both connections.

Calcium-induced calcium release is activation of release from an intracellular calcium store by cytoplasmic calcium itself. A two-pool model can represent the release flux as a product of saturating functions of store and cytoplasmic concentrations. Together with uptake, leakage and external calcium balance, this positive feedback can generate excitability or sustained oscillation; the existence of oscillation still depends on the full dynamical parameters.

A historical material name used for quicklime or, in some contexts, hydrated lime; the intended composition must be specified.

Several levels of memory cache, typically combining a small low-latency first level with larger later levels. Each level reduces traffic reaching the next; local and global cache miss rates must be distinguished.

A memory cache policy that allocates the relevant cache line on a write cache miss. Fetching that cache line can delay a store instruction unless other mechanisms hide the delay.